Types of Tissue

Question 1

Cancers are named according to _________?

Answer 1

The cells and tissues in which they arise

Different histologic types have different responses to chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Question 2

What are the (4) basic types of tissues?

Answer 2

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 3

What are the specific functions of the (4) basic tissues

Answer 3

Epithelial- covering body parts
Connective- connects, supports, protects, insulates, transports
Muscle- contractile
Nervous- conduct impulses

Question 4

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer, flattened
Diffusion and filtration
Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Answer 4

Simple Squamous

Question 5

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer, cube shaped
Secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries

Answer 5

Simple Cuboidal

Question 6

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Tall slender, elongated cells
abortion, secretion of mucus, if ciliated propels
lines digest tract-nonciliated
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus-ciliated

Answer 6

Simple Columnar

Question 7

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Single layer of cells that looks like several layers may …..( need to look up)
secretion, ciliated propels mucus
lines respiratory tract, contains goblet cells, secretes mucus, mucus traps inhaled dust and other debris, cilia propel it superiorly away from the lungs

Answer 7

Pseudostratified columnar

Question 8

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

many layers of living cells
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
moist linings, covers tongue, lines mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

Answer 8

Stratified Squamous

Question 9

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Two layers of cube like cells
protection
largest ducts of sweat, mammary and salivary glands

Answer 9

Stratified Cuboidal

Question 10

What Epithelial tissue is defined as the following:

Flexible cells that stretch and regain strengths
lines urinary organs such as ureters, bladder and part of the urethra; when bladder fills with urine, cells____ shape

Answer 10

Transitional

Question 11

Benign Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:

Answer 11

Papilloma
adenoma
nevus

Question 12

Malignant Tumors of Epithelial Origin include:

Answer 12

Squamous cell carcinoma 
Basal cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Melanoma
Transitional cell carcinoma 
seminoma

Question 13

Can extend into deeper tissue layers to form glands-mucus secreting glands

Answer 13

Glandular Epithelial

Question 14

Epithelial Tissue Glandular
Exocrine:
Endocrine:

Answer 14

Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands

Become ductless, secrete into the blood or lymph

Question 15

Thin sheets of tissue cover body, line body cavities, cover organs within the cavities, line cavities in hollow organs

Answer 15

Epithelial membranes

Question 16

Line body cavities open to outside, contain mucous producing mucosa

Answer 16

Mucous Membrane

Question 17

Cavities that do not open to the external, closed ventral body cavities (Serosa)

Answer 17

Serous Membrane

ex: pleura covering the thoracic wall and the lungs- parietal and visceral; pericardium, peritoneum

Question 18

Epithelial Tissue

Cutaneous membrane

Answer 18

SKIN

Question 19

Lines surfaces inside/outside the body-covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Answer 19

Epithelial Tissue

Question 20

What are the functions of Connective tissue

Answer 20

bind and support- muscle to bone, soft organs
protects- bone and cartilage
insulates- fat
transportation- blood

Question 21

Benign connective tissue tumors:

Answer 21

Fibroma
lipoma
chondroma
hemangioma
meningioma

Question 22

Malignant connective tissue tumors:

Answer 22

liposarcoma
fiborsacroma
ostegenic sarcoma
ewings sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma
lymphoma
hogkins disease

Question 23

Tumors arising from ________ cells are termed sarcomas. These cells include connective tissue such as cartilage and bone

Answer 23

Mesenchymal

Question 24

Supports and protects, stores calcium and other

minerals

Answer 24

Bone (connective tissue)

Question 25

List the different Cartilage in the connective tissue

Answer 25

Hyaline- part of nasal septum, ribs, larynx, trachea firm flexible support Elastic- external ear Fibrocartilage- inter-vertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 26

What are the (3) types of muscle

Answer 26

smooth muscle- expands and contracts- intestines, blood vessels Striated muscle- skeleton movement Cardiac muscle- forms walls outside the heart, enables heart to pump blood

Question 27

Benign Muscles Tumors

Answer 27

Leiomyoma | rhabdomyoma

Question 28

Malignant Muscle Tumors

Answer 28

leimyomasarcoma | rhabdomyonmasarcoma

Question 29

What are the functions of the Nervous tissue

Answer 29

To move and coordinate bodily functions | -Composed of brain- spinal cord

Question 30

Receive stimulus and conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body

Answer 30

Neuron (Nerve Cell) | Nervous Tissue

Question 31

Benign Nervous Tissue Tumors

Answer 31

Meningioma, Pituitary Adenoma

Question 32

Malignant Nervous Tissue Tumors

Answer 32

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Anaplastic Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma

Question 33

What gives rise to all other connective tissue types

Answer 33

Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)

Question 34

Fatty Tissue

Answer 34

Adipose (Connective tissue)

Question 35

All mature connective tissue belong to this type except bone, cartilage and blood

Answer 35

Dense Connective Tissue | provides structural and tensile strength/ tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs and joints

Question 36

Connective Tissue

Answer 36

Blood - red and white blood cells - transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

Question 37

Hemopoietic Tissue

Answer 37

Lymph Tissue

Question 38

``` Characteristics of Benign Tumors Cells: Growth: Encapsulation: Spread: Life-threatening ```

Answer 38

``` Similar to normal cells, differentiated relatively slow yes expands and pushes only in certain locations ```

Question 39

``` Characteristics of Malignant Tumors Cells: Growth: Encapsulation: Spread: Life-threatening ```

Answer 39

Vary in shape and size, many undifferentiated rapid no infiltrates and invade surrounding tissue yes

Question 40

Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Normal) Specialized: Reproduction: Communication: Adhesion: Death:

Answer 40

Normal *Specialized functioning cells differentiated Reproduce in a controlled manner *Communicate w/other cells using chemicals singles, cell inhibition *Cells have molecules which allow them to stick to other cells thus helping the cells stay in an organized arrangement *Cells can self destruct when they become damaged or diseased

Question 41

Normal cells vs. Cancer cells (Cancer cells) Specialized: Reproduction: Communication: Adhesion: Death:

Answer 41

Cancer Cells * Specialized immature cells, undifferentiated * Reproduce uncontrollably * Lose the ability to communicate with other cells through chemical signals, loses cell inhibition * Lose the molecules that aid in adhesion more easily allowing the cells to break off and spread to other areas of the body * Cells lose their ability to self destruct when damaged

Question 42

Tumor Grading

Answer 42

G1- Well differentiated (low grade) G2- Moderately differentiated G3- Poorly differentiated G4- Undifferentiated (high grade) affects the prognosis

Question 43

Tumor grading

Answer 43

* Describes how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope * It's an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow and spread and how aggressive it is

Question 44

TMN (Most popular staging)

Answer 44

T-size of the tumor (Tx, To, Tis, T1, T2, T3) N- involvement of the lymph nodes (Nx, N0, N1, N2, N3) M- Presence of metastasis (Mx, M0, M1)

Question 45

Stage refers to what?

Answer 45

to the size and or extent of the primary tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body

Question 46

suffix meaning tumor- indicates a benign tumor (some exceptions)

Answer 46

oma

Question 47

Sarcoma

Answer 47

Originate from mesenchymal cells ex: connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, adipose tissue osteosarcoma, liposarcoma

Question 48

Carcinoma (originate from epithelial cells; squamous, transitional, glandular)

Answer 48

* Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, infiltrating ductal carcinoma * Seminoma, melanoma

Question 49

Warning signs of cancer

Answer 49

Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body change in bowel or bladder habits change in wart or mole sore that does not heal unexplained weight loss anemia or low hemoglobin, and persistent fatigue persistent cough or hoarseness without reason solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes or anywhere else in the body

Question 50

Local Effects of Cancer

Answer 50

Pain Obstruction Necrosis

Question 51

Systemic Effects of Cancer

Answer 51

``` Weight loss and cachexia anemia severe fatigue infection bleeding paraneoplastic syndromes ```

Question 52

How cancer spreads

Answer 52

* Invasion (local spread) * Metastasis (distant) - blood - lymphatics - seeding * Certain primary cancers/tumors have propensity to spread specific organ/structures

Question 53

A process whereby normal cells are turned into cancer cells

Answer 53

Carcinogenesis | Initiator- causes damage to DNA, does not commit to neoplasia but conveys the potential to/ latent period

Question 54

``` Risk Factors Genetic-ex Breast Viruses- ex Hepatitis/liver cancer Radiation- ex leukemia Chemicals- ex Asbestos/mesothelioma- Nothing on the other slide) ```

Answer 54

* Hormones- ex Estrogen/endometrial cancer * Age- increases with age/breast cancer/ prostate cancer * Diet- ex High fat foods/colon cancer, smoked foods/gastric cancer