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Biology 1407 > Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are __________ correlated.

A

Closely

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2
Q

Evolutionary ____________ reflects different species adaptations to a similar environmental challenge

A

Convergence

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3
Q

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s ___________ while

Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s ________

A

Surface area

Volume

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4
Q

The surface area to volume ratio gets ___________ as the cell gets larger

A

Smaller

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5
Q

Does diffusion happen in humans?

A

No, only when the organism is two cells thick

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6
Q

More complex organisms have…

For exchanging materials

A

Highly folded internal surfaces

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7
Q

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with _____________, which allows for the movement of materials into and out of cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into ___________ that have different functions

A

Tissues

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9
Q

Tissues are classified into four main categories:

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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10
Q

Epithelial tissue functions…

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
  • diffusion
  • cleaning
  • reduces friction
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11
Q
  • tissue that Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
  • it contains cells that are closely joined
  • the shape of these cells can vary
A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for secretion

A

Cuboidal (like dice)

-Circular nucleus

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13
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for secretion and selective absorption

A

Columnar (like bricks on end)

-elongated nucleus at base of cells, seen in stomach intestines mucus

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14
Q

This shape of epithelial tissue is used for exchange of materials by diffusion

A

Squamous (like floor tiles)

Alveolus, gas exchange, blood vessels

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15
Q

Some _________ epithelial tissue have goblet cells that secrete mucus

A

Columnar

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16
Q

This type of epithelial tissue is used as a protective barrier. Seen in the skin and esophagus lining

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What are the different arrangements of epithelial cells?

A
  • Single cell layer
  • stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
  • Pseudostratified (A single layer of cells of varying lengths, nuclei are in different locations)
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18
Q

Where is stratified epithelial cells found?

A

Mouth, skin, anus, vagina

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19
Q

Epithelial cells do not have polarity

True or false?

A

False. Epithelial cells have polarity.

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20
Q

In epithelial cells the apical surface faces the lumen and is therefore exposed to fluid or air

The opposite side is the basal __________ which is connected to the basil ________.

A

Surface
Lamina

Apical surface —> basal surface —> Basil lamina

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21
Q
  • This tissue binds and supports other tissues

- contain sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Web of fibers in bedded in a liquid, can be jelly like or solid foundation

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23
Q

Fiber cells are called ___________ and secrete….

A

Fibroblasts

Fiber proteins

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24
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • collagenous fibers (strength and flexibility)
  • elastic fibers (stretch and snapback, elastic properties)
  • reticular fibers (join connective tissue to adjacent tissues)
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25
What is the function of Fibroblasts?
Secrete proteins to make fibers
26
What is the function of macrophages?
Part of the immune system (WBC), engulfs foreign debris.
27
What are the six major types of connective tissue?
- loose connective tissue - cartilage - fibrous connective tissue - Adipose tissue - blood - bone
28
This type of connective tissue binds epithelial to underlying tissue. Holds organs in place
Loose connective tissue
29
This type of connective tissue contains chondrocytes that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Makes a strong but very flexible material.
Cartilage
30
Type of connective tissue that is very dense* with Collagenous fibers, and less matrix. include tendons and ligaments Where are tendons and ligaments found?
Fibrous connective tissue Tendons-Connect muscle to bone Ligaments-Connect bone to bone
31
Type of connective tissue that is very loose and stores fat for padding and insulating the body
Adipose tissue
32
This connective tissue contains plasma that is a liquid matrix composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cell fragments called platelets, water, salt, and dissolved proteins.
Blood
33
This type of connective tissue is mineralized and forms the skeleton, contains osteoblasts
Bone
34
Bone forming cells called ___________ deposit a matrix of collagen. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix.
Osteoblasts
35
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle
36
Skeletal muscle is....
Striated, voluntary movements, sarcomeres
37
Smooth muscle...
Lack striations, involuntary movements, spindle-shaped Ex: turning of the stomach, construction of arteries
38
Cardiac muscle...
branched, striated, intercalated discs (so the muscles can contract in unison), involuntary
39
Type of tissue that senses stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal Contains neurons and glial cells
Nervous tissue
40
Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses from axons
Neurons. These do not divide
41
These cells help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons | These cells can divide.
Glial cells/glia
42
Coordination and control within a body depends on which two systems?
Nervous and endocrine system
43
This body system transmits hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood - hormones may affect one or more regions in the body - slow acting, but can have long lasting effects - gradual changes affect entire body (growth and development)
Endocrine system
44
- transmits information between specific locations - The information conveyed depends on a signal pathway not the type of signal - Signal transmission is very fast - impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells - provides immediate and rapid responses to the environment
The nervous system
45
In the nervous system, information conveyed depends on a signal’s _____________, Not the type of signal.
Pathway
46
Animals manage their internal environment by __________ or __________ to the external environment.
Regulating or conforming
47
Animals may regulate some environmental variables while conforming to others. True or false?
True
48
Which type of animal maintains constant internal conditions? Regulator or conformer?
Regulator
49
_______________ moderate changes in the internal environment
Mechanisms of homeostasis
50
For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a _________ These are detected by a... And trigger a....
Stimulus Sensor Response
51
- Used to maintain dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis - helps to return a variable to a normal range - build up of the end product shut the system off
Negative feedback * most homeostatic control systems function this way
52
Amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
Positive feedback
53
What are examples of alterations in homeostasis?
Changes due to age or cyclical variation (mensural cycle hormones), Circadian rhythms
54
Homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment by a process called...
Acclimatization body adapts* ex: High altitude, blood pH becomes more basic, increase in respiration, increase in production of red blood cells
55
The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Thermalregulation
56
-animals generate heat by metabolism -maintain constant body temperature Ex: birds and mammals
Endothermic
57
-animals gain heat from external sources | Ex: most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles
Ectothermic
58
Which is energetically more expensive? Endotherm‘s or ectotherm‘s?
Endotherms
59
In general, ___________ tolerate greater variation in internal temperature, while __________ are active at a greater range of external temperatures
Ectotherms Endotherms
60
Body temperature varies with its environment
Poikilotherm Ex: bats, animals that hibernate
61
Body temperature is relatively constant
Homeotherm Ex: fish that live in a Constant environmental temperature
62
Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes...
- radiation: emissions of electromagnetic waves - evaporation - convection: transfer by wind, air, water to heat - conduction: Direct contact
63
Heat regulation in mammals often involves the ___________ system.
Integumentary
64
Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate...
- insulation - circulatory adaptations - cooling by evaporative heat loss - behavioral responses - adjusting metabolic heat production
65
- A major thermal regulatory adaptation in mammals and birds | - especially important in marine mammals such as whales and walruses (blubber)
Insulation
66
The transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss - heat of the arteries goes to the vein
Countercurrent exchange
67
- The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature - increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
Thermogenesis
68
What type of fat is specialized for making heat?
Brown fat
69
Takes place with hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity. Instead of making ATP in mitochondria will make Heat.
Non-shivering thermogenesis
70
What region of the brain controls thermal regulation? | Triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
Hypothalamus
71
This is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal It determines how much food animal needs and it relates to animals size, activity, and environment
Bioenergetics
72
______________ includes body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and production of gametes
Biosynthesis
73
- amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time (measured in joules) - can be determined by an animal’s heat loss, the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide produced, food consumption and waste
Metabolic rate
74
The metabolic rate of an endothermic at rest at a comfortable temperature
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
75
The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
76
What are two influences on metabolic rate besides whether an animal is an endothermic or ectotherm?
Size and activity
77
__________ animals have higher metabolic rate per gram
Smaller -smaller animals have higher oxygen delivery rate, breathing rate, heart rate, integrative relative blood volume compared to larger animals
78
In general, the maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is _________ Related to the duration of the activity
Inversely
79
- different species use energy and materials in food in different ways, depending on their environment - Use of energy is partitioned to BMR (or SMR), activity, thermal regulation, growth, and reproduction
Energy budgets
80
-The physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Torpor Ex: sleep, bats
81
Long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
Hibernation
82
Summer torpor that enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scare water
Estivation

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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