Chapter 31 Fungi

Question 1

Fungi breakdown _________ material and _________ vital nutrients.

Answer 1

Organic, recycle

Question 2

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

Answer 2

Release enzymes and then absorb through their cells

Question 3

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Answer 3

Heterotrophs They absorb their nutrients

Question 4

Do fungi have cell walls?

Answer 4

Yes!

Question 5

What’s it called when fungi attaches itself around plant roots as hyphae? This is the beneficial relationship between plants and fungi

Answer 5

Mycorrhizae

Question 6

What are the different lifestyles fungi have?

Answer 6

-decomposers -parasites -mutualistis (tree roots, both tree and fungi benefit)

Question 7

What are the most common body structures of fungi?

Answer 7

Multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts) Some species grow as either filaments or yeasts; others grow as both

Question 8

Yeasts are ________ celled

Answer 8

Single

Question 9

Fungal thallus consists of ________

Answer 9

Hyphae

Question 10

Mass of hyphae =

Answer 10

Mycelium -Separate or non-separate hyphae

Question 11

Most cell walls of fungi consist of…

Answer 11

Chitin

Question 12

What are the two forms of hyphae?

Answer 12

-septa (pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles) divides cells -coenocytic fungi

Question 13

Form of hyphae- pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles Divides cells

Answer 13

Septa

Question 14

Form of hyphae, lacks septa and has a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

Answer 14

Coenocytic fungi

Question 15

-specialized hyphae -function is to exchange nutrients with plants

Answer 15

Haustoria

Question 16

What are the specializations of hyphae?

Answer 16

-trapping and killing prey (allows fungus to penetrate the tissue of their host) -nutrient exchange with plants (haustoria and mycorrhizae)

Question 17

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

Answer 17

-ectomycorrhizae -endomycorrhizae

Question 18

Where are ectomycorrhizae found and where do they grow?

Answer 18

*between cells -with plants Some plants will not grow without it

Question 19

Endomycorrhizae hyphae are found where? And where do they grow?

Answer 19

*inside the cell -with plants

Question 20

Fungi produce spores through what type of life cycles?

Answer 20

Sexual or asexual

Question 21

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called ____________to communicate their mating type

Answer 21

Pheromones

Question 22

Fungi sexual reproduction….

Answer 22

-fungal nuclei are normally haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual lifecycles -sexual reproduction requires diffusion of hyphae from different mating types

Question 23

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of _________, either sexually or asexually

Answer 23

Spores

Question 24

What are the three phases of fungi sexual reproduction?

Answer 24

-plasmogamy -karyogamy -meiosis

Question 25

1. plasmogamy phase....

Answer 25

Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-) -Union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia -mycelium is dikaryotic or heterokaryotic

Question 26

2. Karyogamy phase...

Answer 26

+ and - nuclei fuse

Question 27

3. Meiosis phase....

Answer 27

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Question 28

How do yeasts (unicellular) reproduce?

Answer 28

Asexual reproduction by budding

Question 29

Many fungi can reproduce asexually How do molds reproduce?

Answer 29

Produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

Question 30

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeast-like at \_\_\_\_\_C and mold-like at \_\_\_\_\_C

Answer 30

37, 25

Question 31

What is dimorphism in fungi?

Answer 31

Some fungi can grow as yeast and as filamentous mycelia Alterations of structures in varying habitats

Question 32

Fungi arose from _______ related to an amoeba that feeds by engulfing cells such as algae and bacteria

Answer 32

Protists

Question 33

The ancestor of fungi was an...

Answer 33

Aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

Question 34

DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to... And animals are most closely related to...

Answer 34

Unicellular nucleariids Unicellular choanoflagellates

Question 35

Did multicellularity arise together or separately in animals and fungi?

Answer 35

Separately

Question 36

How many fungal are there?

Answer 36

5

Question 37

Many molds and yeasts have no known sexual stage What are imperfect fungi called?

Answer 37

Deuteromycetes

Question 38

These are found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats They can be decomposers, parasites or mutualists

Answer 38

Chytrids

Question 39

These diverged early in the fungal evolution (oldest)

Answer 39

Chytrids

Question 40

They are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores, called zoospores

Answer 40

Chytrids

Question 41

Flagellated spores are called...

Answer 41

Zoospores

Question 42

Fusion of haploid cells

Answer 42

Zygospores

Question 43

Formed in a sac (ascus)

Answer 43

Ascrospore

Question 44

Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)

Answer 44

Basidiospore

Question 45

- fast growing mold, parasites and commensal symbionts -lifecycle of black bread mold is typical -hyphae are coencytic -asexual sporangia produce haploid spores

Answer 45

Zygomycota

Question 46

This fungus decomposes animal dung

Answer 46

Pilobolus

Question 47

-sexually produce -this side of karyogamy and then meiosis -some are resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions

Answer 47

Zygosporangia

Question 48

80% of plants have a mutualistic relationship with these

Answer 48

Glomeromycota

Question 49

-form arbuscular mycorrhizae -land may have depended on help from fungal associates -many vascular plants depend on AM fungi

Answer 49

Glomeromycota

Question 50

-Live in Marin, freshwater and terrestrial habitats -Cary in size and complexity -include plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts -commonly called sac fungi

Answer 50

Ascomycota

Question 51

Purdue sexual spores in sac like asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps Asexual spores (candida)

Answer 51

Ascomycota

Question 52

Club fungi -Club like structure called a basidium, A transient diploid stage in the lifecycle

Answer 52

Basidomycetes

Question 53

-mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, and plant parasites -decomposers of wood

Answer 53

Basidomycetes

Question 54

Lifecycle of mushroom forming Basidomycetes

Answer 54

Includes a long lived dikaryotic mycelium Basidiocarps

Question 55

Reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies

Answer 55

Basidiocarps -basidia -basidiospores (sexual spores)

Question 56

-symbiosis between fungi and roots of most plants -fungus provides plants with in organic nutrients and plants provide fungus with organic nutrients -enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture

Answer 56

Mycorrhizae (fungus roots)

Question 57

-plants harbor harmless symbiotic fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts -make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens -most are ascomycetes

Answer 57

Endophytes

Question 58

Mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and Cyanobacterium or algae Important soil former Sensitive to pollution, and their death could be a warning that air quality is deteriorating

Answer 58

Lichens

Question 59

General term for a fungal infection in animals

Answer 59

Mycosis