5-13

Question 1

The Matching Law

Answer 1

in a two-choice situation, the percentage of responses directed toward one alternative will equal the percentage of reinforcers delivered by that alternative

Question 2

in a two-choice situation, the percentage of responses directed toward one alternative will equal the percentage of reinforcers delivered by that alternative

Answer 2

The Matching Law

Question 3

Matching Law equation

Answer 3

Ra / (Ra + Rb) = Ba / (Ba + Bb)

R: relative reinforcement rate

B: relative response rate

Question 4

Ra / (Ra + Rb) = Ba / (Ba + Bb)

Answer 4

Matching Law equation

R: relative reinforcement rate

B: relative response rate

Question 5

changeover delay

Answer 5

a certain amount of time must pass after a subject switches from one response to another before any reinforcer can be delivered

Question 6

a certain amount of time must pass after a subject switches from one response to another before any reinforcer can be delivered

Answer 6

changeover delay

Question 7

deviations from matching: Undermatching

Answer 7

response percentages are consistently less extreme than reinforcement percentages in a choice situation

less intense slope on graph

Question 8

response percentages are consistently less extreme than reinforcement percentages in a choice situation

less intense slope on graph

Answer 8

deviations from matching: Undermatching

Question 9

deviations from matching: Overmatching

Answer 9

response percentages are consistently more extreme than reinforcement percentages in a choice situation

more intense slope on graph

Question 10

response percentages are consistently more extreme than reinforcement percentages in a choice situation

more intense slope on graph

Answer 10

deviations from matching: Overmatching

Question 11

deviations from matching: Bias

Answer 11

a subject consistently allocates more time or responding to one alternative than predicted by the matching equation

parallel line on graph

Question 12

a subject consistently allocates more time or responding to one alternative than predicted by the matching equation

parallel line on graph

Answer 12

deviations from matching: Bias

Question 13

quality of reinforcement

Answer 13

Ba / (Ba + Bb) = Qa / (Qa + Qb)

B: relative response rate

Q: quality

Question 14

Ba / (Ba + Bb) = Qa / (Qa + Qb)

B: relative reinforcement rate

Q: quality

Answer 14

quality of reinforcement

Question 15

amount of reinforcement

Answer 15

Ba / (Ba + Bb) = Aa / (Aa + Ab)

B: relative response rate

A: amount (3 food pellets, etc)

Question 16

Ba / (Ba + Bb) = Aa / (Aa + Ab)

B: relative reinforcement rate

A: amount (3 food pellets, etc)

Answer 16

amount of reinforcement

Question 17

single schedules

Answer 17

a way to use the matching law to make predictions about behavior on single reinforcement schedules

T1 / (T1 + Te) = R1 / (R1 + Re)

T: time
e: other behaviors besides the pecking that are reinforcing

Question 18

a way to use the matching law to make predictions about behavior on single reinforcement schedules

T1 / (T1 + Te) = R1 / (R1 + Re)

T: time
e: other behaviors besides the pecking that are reinforcing

Answer 18

single schedules

Question 19

Theories of Choice Behavior: Matching Theory

Answer 19

animals exhibit matching behavior because they are built to do so.

in any choice situation, an animal might measure the value of the reinforcement it receives from each alternative, and the animal then might distribute its behavior in proportion to the values of the various alternatives

Question 20

animals exhibit matching behavior because they are built to do so.

in any choice situation, an animal might measure the value of the reinforcement it receives from each alternative, and the animal then might distribute its behavior in proportion to the values of the various alternatives

Answer 20

Theories of Choice Behavior: Matching Theory

Question 21

Theories of Choice Behavior: Melioration Theory

Answer 21

“make better”

animals will invest increasing amounts of time and/or effort into whichever alternative is better

Question 22

“make better”

animals will invest increasing amounts of time and/or effort into whichever alternative is better

Answer 22

Theories of Choice Behavior: Melioration Theory

Question 23

Theories of Choice Behavior: Optimization Theory

Answer 23

an animal will try different ways of distributing its behaviors (e.g. 50% left, 80% left, 90% left), and the animal will eventually settle on the response distribution that maximizes the overall rate of reinforcement

Question 24

an animal will try different ways of distributing its behaviors (e.g. 50% left, 80% left, 90% left), and the animal will eventually settle on the response distribution that maximizes the overall rate of reinforcement

Answer 24

Theories of Choice Behavior: Optimization Theory

Question 25

self-control choices

Answer 25

one involving a choice between a small, proximal reinforcer and a larger but more distant reinforcer

e.g. smaller sooner extra hour of sleep, larger later better grade in class

Question 26

one involving a choice between a small, proximal reinforcer and a larger but more distant reinforcer

e.g. smaller sooner extra hour of sleep, larger later better grade in class

Answer 26

self-control choices

Question 27

Ainklie-Rachlin Theory

Answer 27

the value of a reinforcer decreases as the delay between making a choice and receiving the reinforcer increases

Question 28

the value of a reinforcer decreases as the delay between making a choice and receiving the reinforcer increases

Answer 28

Ainklie-Rachlin Theory

Question 29

Delayed Gratification

Answer 29

forego a smaller, immediate reward to wait for a larger, later reward

Question 30

forego a smaller, immediate reward to wait for a larger, later reward

Answer 30

Delayed Gratification

Question 31

Strategies for improving self-control

Answer 31

precommitment: make a decision in advance that makes it difficult or impossible to reverse preference at a later time

give yourself deadlines

sef-reinforcement: make an additional, more immediate reinforcer contingent on the choice of the large, delayed reinforcer

make the value of the impulsive option lower by attaching some form of punishment to it

thinking about the larger later can forestall an impulsive action

Question 32

risk taking

Answer 32

choose a smaller sooner over a larger later that would be better in the long run

Question 33

choose a smaller sooner over a larger later that would be better in the long run

Answer 33

risk taking

Question 34

tragedy of the commons

Answer 34

a play that is a metaphor for how the smaller sooner of using up resources is picked over the larger later of more rationing in order to have those resources later

e.g.the driver alone receives the benefits of convenience and comfort that come from driving one’s car. If the drier shoe to walk, the reduction in air pollution would be so slight as to be undetectable

Question 35

a play that is a metaphor for how the smaller sooner of using up resources is picked over the larger later of more rationing in order to have those resources later

e.g.the driver alone receives the benefits of convenience and comfort that come from driving one’s car. If the drier shoe to walk, the reduction in air pollution would be so slight as to be undetectable

Answer 35

tragedy of the commons