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Business Process Mgmt > Fetal Head Abnormalities > Flashcards

Fetal Head Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic brain and spinal cord develop from

A

neural tube

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2
Q

Neural tube defects may either be

A

open or closed

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3
Q

Open NTD show an increase in what

A

maternal serum AFP and amniotic fluid AFP

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4
Q

What is macrocephaly?

A

larger than expected head size

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5
Q

What is the purpose of scanning for macrocephaly?

A

exclude intracranial abnormalities–hydrocephalus, intracranial tumor or macrosomia

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6
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

smaller than expected head

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7
Q

What is an intact calvarium?

A

calvarium is top part of skull

distinguishes microcephaly from anencephaly and encephacele

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8
Q

What’s the most common etiology of microcephaly?(3)

A

Fetal infection
Anoxia
Chromosomal abnormalities

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9
Q

What are the key sonographic features of microcephaly?

A

abnormal small head size (BPD or HC 2-3 SD below mean)

abnormal fetal biometric ratio (3 or more SD)

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10
Q

What is brachycephaly

A

head is rounder than usual

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11
Q

What is dolichocephaly

A

narrow BPD and low occipitofrontal diameter (OFD)

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12
Q

What causes brachycephaly? What causes dolichocephaly?

A

B- multiple gestations

D- Breech position/oligohydraminos

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13
Q

Lemon sign is associated with?

A

spina bifida

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14
Q

Clover leaf skull is associated with?

A

thanatophoric dysplasia, homozygous achondroplasia***

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15
Q

Strawberry shaped skull is associated with?

A

trisomy 18**

similar to lemon but no obvious concavity to the frontal bones

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16
Q

What is Spalding’s sign associated with?

A

fetal demise

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17
Q

What is Spalding’s sign

A

flattened and misshapen fetal head with overlapping cranial bones
fetal death is 4-7 days before overlapping/separation occurs

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18
Q

What measurement is considered scalp edema?

A

> 3mm

normal is under 3mm

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19
Q

Where do choroid plexus cysts arise from?

A

neuroepithelial folds in the choroid plexus

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20
Q

Where’s the most common site of choroid plexus cysts?

A

arterial region of lateral ventricle

21
Q

Are choroid plexus cysts unilateral or bilateral

A

unilateral

22
Q

When do we mostly see choroid plexus cysts?

A

16-24wks gestation

23
Q

Do choroid plexus cysts persist or regress?

A

Regress

24
Q

What are choroid plexus cysts associated with?

A

Tri18

Tri21

25
Q

What are the key sonographic features we will see with agenesis of the corpus callosum?

A

absence of cavum septum pellucidum

colpocephaly (disproportion of occipital horns and lat ventricles)

26
Q

What is agenesis of the CC associated with?

A

Dandy Walker Malformation (DWM)

27
Q

Presence of _____ excludes ACC

A

CSP

28
Q

What are the signs we we see with ACC? In sag, trv and cor

agenesis of corpus callosum

A

sunburst appearance (sag)
bullet shaped ventricles (ax)
bat wing appearance (cor)

29
Q

ICC (intracranial calcifications) is the most common result of what

A

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

30
Q

What are intracranial calcifications associated with

A

brain tumor such as teratoma

31
Q

What is a complication of brain tumors (ICC)

A

hydrocephalus

32
Q

What is the most common ICC

A

teratoma

33
Q

Are teratoma’s benign or malig

also what do they look like

A

benign but can turn malignant

wide variety of tissue types and can resemble a hemorrhage

34
Q

What is the vein of Galen/straight sinus

A

major draining vein that lies in the trv fissure within the subarachnoid space–posterior and slightly superior to thalami

35
Q

What is a pathognomonic sign

A

a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is beyond any doubt

36
Q

What is a vein of Galen aneursym

A

appears as a fusiform median cyst in the region of the trv fissure
Turbulent flow–high v, low z

37
Q

What is acrania

A

absence of normal cranial vault with a normal appearing or disorganized brain above the orbits

38
Q

What is anencephaly

A

absence of cranial vault, cerebral hemispheres and diencephalic structures

39
Q

What is there an absence of with anencephaly

A

normally formed skin, cranial bones and brain superior to the orbits

40
Q

Do bbs with anencephaly have a face?

A

yes, and eyes

41
Q

What is the most reliable sonographic feature of anencephaly?

A

failure to identify normal cranial morphology and brain tissue above the orbits

42
Q

What is a cephalocele

A

herniation of intracranial structures through a defect in cranium

43
Q

If the cephalocele only contains meninges and CSF, what is it called

A

meningocele

44
Q

If the cephalocele also contains brain tissue, what it is called? (2 names)

A

encephalocele or meningocephalocele

45
Q

Is ventriculomegaly bilateral or unilateral

A

Bi

and symmetrical

46
Q

What’s the best indicator of ventriculomegaly?

A

Atrial measurement

47
Q

What is hydrocephalus/hydrocephaly

A

ventriculomegaly w/ increased intracranial pressure

48
Q

What typically causes hydrocephalus/hydrocephaly

A

lesion causing obstruction of the CSF

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