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Business Process Mgmt > Fetal Face and Neck > Flashcards

Fetal Face and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Anomalies of the face are discovered in what trimester

A

1st

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2
Q

Fetal face development begins at what week

A

4

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3
Q

Completion of major facial events happens when

A

by end of 1st trimester– week 12

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4
Q

What are the 5 main tissue prominences that form the fetal face

A 
frontonasal
lateral nasal
medial nasal
maxillary 
mandibular
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5
Q

What does the frontonasal tissue prominence form

A

forehead

dorsum apex of nose

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6
Q

What does the lateral nasal tissue prominence form

A

nasal ala

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7
Q

What does the medial nasal tissue prominence form

A

nasal septum

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8
Q

What does the maxillary tissue prominence form

A

upper cheeks

upper lip

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9
Q

What does the mandibular tissue prominence form

A

lower cheek
lower lip
chin

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10
Q

What are anomalies of the forehead?

A

frontal angle
encephalocele
proboscis

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11
Q

What are anomalies of the eyes?

A

hypotelorism

hypertelorism

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12
Q

What are anomalies of the nose?

A

hypoplasia

absent nasal bone

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13
Q

What are anomalies of the mouth?

A

cleft lip
cleft palate
macroglossia

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14
Q

What are anomalies of the chin?

A

micrognathia
retrognathia
agnathia

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15
Q

What are anomalies of the ear?

A

low set

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16
Q

What is the protocol for the measurement of the fetal facial angle?

A

gestational period 11-13wk 6d
magnify image for head and thorax occupy whole image
facial angle should be measured (another question on how)
if facial angle is increased, the risk of triploidy is increased

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17
Q

How should the facial angle be measured?

A

between a line along the upper surface of the palate and a line along the upper corner of the anterior aspect of the maxilla extending to the external surface of the forehead, represented by frontal bones

18
Q

Encephalocele:

A

abnormal protrusion of the brain and/or meninges through a defect in skull or calvarium
associated with hypertelorism and midline facial clefting

19
Q

Proboscis:

A

a trunk like soft tissue appendage situated between orbits

associated with alobar holopresencephaly

20
Q

Hypotelorism:

A

small distance between the orbits

decreased inter-orbital diameter

21
Q

Hypotelorism is associated with what:

A 
alobar holoproscencephaly
cyclopia
absence of nose
proboscis
tri13, 18 and 21
22
Q

Hypertelorism:

A

increased separation of the orbits
may result from abnormalities that interfere with the normal migration of the eyes from the lateral position to midline in embryonic development
abnormal increase in inter-orbital diameter
associated with anterior encephaloceles

23
Q

What is seen absent with an increased incidence of trisomy 21?

A

nasal bone

24
Q

Cleft lip/palate usually results from failure of

A

fusion of medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences

25
Q

Cleft lip/palate is associated with:

A

Tri13/18
structural abnormalities including heart and CNS
familial (child before, yourself)

26
Q

Cleft palate without cleft lip is difficult to diagnosis sonographically. True or false

A

True

27
Q

A child will always have both cleft palate and cleft lip. True or false

A

False– can have cleft lip, palate or both

28
Q

Macroglossia:

A

enlarged tongue

may protrude from oral cavity and lack characteristic movement of tongue in relation to jaw

29
Q

What is macroglossia associated with:

A

*Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Tri21

30
Q

What do we see with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

A

macrosomia
macroglossia
omphalocele
renal anomalies

31
Q

Retrognathia:

A

posteriorly displaced chin

associated with Tr13 and 18

32
Q

What are abnormalities of the neck?

A

increased NT
NF thickening
cystic hygroma
cervical teratoma

33
Q

Thickened NT measurements in the 1st trimester are associated with:

A

fetal aneuploidy
cardiac defects
other major malformations
adverse pregnancy

34
Q

Nuchal fold thickening should not increase _____mm from 15-22wks.

A

6mm

35
Q

What is an abnormal NT measurement?

A

> 3mm

36
Q

How do we measure the nuchal fold thickening?

A

outer edge of occipital bone to outer edge of the skin

37
Q

Cystic Hygroma:

A

lymphatic malformation
septated fluid collection behind the fetal neck
associated with: turner syndrome, chromosomal abnormalities and cardiac structural abnormalities

38
Q

What’s the most common tumor in neonates?

A

Cervical teratoma

39
Q

What percentage of teratoma’s arise in the neck? Where’s the most common location?

A

5%

sacrum or coccyx

40
Q

What are some sonographic appearances of cervical teratoma’s?

A 
cystic/solid components
regions of calcifications
may involved thyroid gland
may impinge on airway, causing trouble swallowing
polyhydraminos
hyperextension of the neck
protrude from mouth

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