Pharm 2025 > 9/17- Nervous System > Flashcards

9/17- Nervous System Flashcards

Exam 2 (90 cards)

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1
Q

Describe CNS

A

Central Nervous System- brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

What comprises the efferent division the the central nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What is the flow receptor to effector?

A

(1) Sensory receptors (special sensory, somatic sensory, visceral sensory) –>
(2) afferent division pathway to the Information processing –>
(3) efferent division
(4) somatic nervous system or the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic or sympathetic)

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4
Q

Explain somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

MAINLY skeletal muscles; conscious control

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5
Q

Explain autonomic nervous system

A

Visceral structures; Unconscious control

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6
Q

Anatomy of Autonomic Nervous system neurons (ANS): Location & ganglion structure

A

Has synapses in AND outside of CNS; 2 neuron chain (has cell bodies outside CNS= ganglia)

Preganglia: lightly myelinated; FAST
Post-ganglia

**May have light myelination or none at all

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7
Q

Explain the anatomy of the Somatic nervous system ganglia

A

Pre-ganglion neurons: inside CNS (1 neuron chain) –> Synpases with second neuron in a chain within brain/spinal cord–> axon wil innervate muscle= contraction

(no neuron cell bodies outside of CNS)

**ALLL skeletal muscles are myelinated

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8
Q

Define Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies within CNS

“in the white matter, where they are not normally found”

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9
Q

Define Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron bodies within PNS (somatic system)

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10
Q

Enteric nervous system?

A

Gut nervous system

Controlled mostly by PNS

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11
Q

What neurons are within the enteric nervous system?

A

NANC (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic )

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12
Q

What do visceral sensory receptors monitor?

A

Internal organs

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13
Q

What bodily functions do visceral sensory receptors involve?

A

Involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing

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14
Q

Which systems are monitored by visceral sensory receptors?

A

Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, etc.

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic response associated with?

A

Fight or flight

Ergotropic response

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16
Q

Where does the SNS innervate within the spinal cord?

A

Thoracolumbar (T1-12, L1-5)- has chain ganglia

Effects on body include direct innervation.

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17
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the body?

A

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchioles, shunts blood to needed muscles.

Enocrine release: adrenal gland= epi

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18
Q

What is the parasympathetic response associated with?

A

Rest and digest

Most of the body’s time is spent in this state.

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19
Q

Where does the PNS innervate within the spinal cord?

A

Craniosacral (C1-7, S1-5)

Autonomic plexus
Primary: Vagus nerve

Effects on body include innervation of specific visceral structures.

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20
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on the body?

A

Conserves energy and shunts blood to endocrine, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems.

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21
Q

What is the anatomy of the Sympathetic NS preganglions?

A

Preganglionic fibers are SHORT; they originate from the spinal cord and terminate at the chain ganglion.

Chain ganglion branches off to activate areas simultaneously and fast.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of postganglionic fibers in the Sympathetic NS?

A

Postganglionic fibers are LONG and innervate at the organ.

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23
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by preganglionic fibers in the Somatic system?

A

All preganglionic fibers release ACh.

Nearly all efferent fibers leaving CNS

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24
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by postganglionic fibers?

A

ALL Parasympathetic : Postganglionic fibers release ACh

Ne is released too

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25
What are the characteristics of the PNS preganglions?
Preganglionic fibers are LONG; they originate from the CNS and leave the CNS to cranial and sacral areas through cranial nerves.
26
What are the characteristics of postganglionic fibers in the PNS?
Postganglionic fibers are SHORT and directly inverates specific visceral structures
27
Chain ganglia vs PNS Plexi
Chain ganglia=branches that SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM use to send messages to various organs/targets QUICKLY PNS Plexi = branches of Vagus nerve, wider change of reach Goes in different directions; much slower than chain ganglia
28
What does sympathomimetic mean? EX?
Mimicking response of SNS Ex: epineprine, isoproterenol, albuterol
29
What are the effects of sympathomimetics on blood vessels?
Constrict blood vessel
30
What cardiac effects do sympathomimetics have?
Inotropic (inc contraction) & chronotropic (inc hr) cardiac effects
31
How do sympathomimetics affect bronchiole tone?
Decrease bronchiole tone (broncholdilation)
32
What is the effect of sympathomimetics on uterine muscle tone?
Decrease uterine muscle tone (relax bladder)
33
What are direct acting sympathomimetics? Give Examples
Bind to same receptors Epi, Isoproterenol, Albuterol ## Footnote Examples: Epi, albuterol
34
What are indirect sympathomimetics?
Do not bind to receptor and work by releasing NE Ephedrine, amphetamines ## Footnote Examples: Ephedrine, amphetamines
35
What do sympatholytics do?
Blocks Sympathetic NS (ex: alpha & beta blockers)
36
ANS Receptors are?
Cholinergic: ACh Adrenergic: Ne, Epi
37
Cholinergic subtypes
Muscarinic & Nicotinic
38
Muscarinic secondary messengers
M1,3,5 = GPCR-Q (inc IP3, DAG) M2&4= GPCR-I (dec cAMP)
39
Nicotinic secondary messengers
Nm→ skeletal muscle (more somatic nervous system) Nn → CNS ^^ All open Ion channels
40
Adrenergic subtypes
Alpha 1, 2 Beta 1, 2, 3 Dopamine
41
Alpha 1 secondary messengers
Located in peripheral vasculature Effects GPCR-Q → inc phospholipase C; IP3/DAG IP3→ Ca++ release→ smooth muscle (myosin light chain kinase) → contraction
42
Alpha 2 secondary messengers
Alpha 2→ located in CNS mostly, some in peripheral vasculature Effects GPCR- I → dec adenylate cyclase; Ca/K channels
43
Beta secondary messengers & location
****All beta → Stimulate adenylate cycles; Ca+ channels; inc cAMP Beta 1→ located in heart--> Ca+ release from SR in heart= contraction Beta 2→ located in lungs, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle Beta 3→ located on fat cells
44
How does cAMP effect B2 in skeletal muscles?
In smooth muscle B2 = relaxation Stimulates adenyl cylase= Inc cAMP= relaxation
45
Beta 2 in the heart vs smooth muscle/ skeletal muscle
Heart- increase contraction Smooth muscle- relaxation
46
Dopamine receptors are located where?
In the brain
47
Explain autonomic feedback loop with INC in MAP
Baroreceptors sense: CNS (vasomotor system-brainstem) → parasympathetic→ vagus nerve → dec HR → dec BP
48
Explain autonomic feedback loop with DEC in MAP
SNS increases: Peripheral vascular resistance → arterioles -Venous tone -HR & Heart contraction Results Inc CO, SV, venous return → inc BP
49
Explain hormonal feedback loop with DEC in MAP
Kidneys regulatory - RAAS Dec blood flow pressure → renin → angiotensinogen → angiotensin (constrict blood vessels) → release aldosterone (inc water @ kidneys) → inc blood volume
50
Fill out the chart
51
Fill out the chart this is within skeletal muscle
52
T/F: Skeletal muscle at rest: 20% of circulating volume (shunt up to 80% during increased demand)
TRUE
53
What are cholinomimetics?
Cholinomimetics (Parasympathomimetics) induce parasympathetic activity.
54
What are parasympatholytics?
Parasympatholytics (Antimuscarinics) block parasympathetic activity.
55
What are sympathomimetics?
Sympathomimetics induce sympathetic activity.
56
What are sympatholytics?
Sympatholytics (A-blockers, B-blockers) block sympathetic activity.
57
What is a dendrite?
Receives information and sends to body of a neuron Contains many dendrites
58
Explain what a synapse is.
Where most drugs work Space between neurons, muscles, and other organs
59
What is the cell body of a neuron?
Interprets and sends information Response can be excitatory or inhibitory (makes proteins- has nucleolus)
60
What is the axon hillock ?
Sends interpreted information from cell body to telodendria Most have 1 axon
61
What is the telodendria?
Branches off axon and connects to other cells; where synapse occur between telodendria and next cell
62
What do synaptic terminals do?
Release synaptic vesicles contains a lot of mitchondria
63
What are the 6 main classes of neurotransmitters?
1) Esters- ACh 2) Monoamines- NE, Epi, serotonin, dopamine (all are GPCR mostly) 3) Amino Acids- GABA, glutamate 4) Purines- adenosine, ATP 5) Peptides- substance P, endorphins, enkephalins 6) Inorganic gases - nitric oxide
64
Is glutamate excitatory?
Yes ; Most important AMPA- ion channel NMDA- ion channel Metabotropic- GPCR + ion channel
65
Explain GABA
Most important inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA(A) & GABA(B) receptors Many general anesthetics work by increasing GABA activity
66
What is substance P important for?
Pain signaling
67
Recall the function of three CNS neurotransmitters in emotion (Lovheim Cube)
Noradrenaline- found in brain and the autonomic nervous system Released from adrenergic fibers Dopamine - reward, pleasurable Serotonin- low levels implicated in depression SSRI- reuptake inhibitors (Prozac)
68
Describe the possible FOUR fates of neurotransmitters in the synapse
1)Diffuses away from synapse 2)Degraded by enzymes 3)Uptake into pre-synaptic cell- Pump back into presynaptic cell Ex: Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) 4)Uptake into surrounding cells
69
Note the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
Excitatory: cause depolarization (glutamate) Inhibitory: cause hyperpolarizations (GABA, glycine)
70
Know these steps
71
List the three types of synapses
Chemical- releases neurotransmitters Electrical - gap junctions between adjacent cells En Passant - w/in CNS all along axon
72
Where is ACh synthesized?
In the cytoplasm - Acetyl-CoA: mitchondria 2) Choline: diet 3) Aceylcholintransferase (ChAt) (presynaptic cell) AChE breaks it down
73
What causes the presynaptic cell to release neurotransmitters?
Ca+ dependent release-- AP into terminal--> Ca+ influx--> downstream effect of release from vesicle (fusion, exocytosis)
74
Explain the tyrosine molecule
Tyrosine- amino acids Catecholamine- benzine ring with 2 hydroxides on it Precursor for epi, dopa, norepi
75
What degrades NE?
MAO- Monoamine oxidase once taken back up into synapse
76
NE transporter
Takes NE back up into synapse
77
Explain NE pathway
Tyrosine --Amino acid transporter into cell= converted DOPA= Dopamine= Vesicular Monoamine Transport= NE inside vesicle Action potential= Ca+ into cell= NE exocytosis= NE binds to transporters NE can diffuse away; NET puts back into cell
78
What blocks NET from taking NE?
Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants
79
What are adrenergic inhibitors? In
Metyrosine- competitively inhibits tyrosine (inhibits conversion of tyrosine) Reserpine- inhibit VMAT Bretylium, guanethidine- inhibit release NE Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants- inhibit NET MAIO's - inhibits NE degradation
80
List targets for drug action & examples
1) Synthesis of Neurotransmitter- aldomet for HTN 2) Storage of neurotransmitter (none) 3) Vesicle Secretion- Botox 4) Vesicle Cycling & Endocytosis (none) 5) Reuptake of neurotransmitters- SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants 6) Biotransformation- MAOI 7) Neurotransmitter Receptor- agonist, antagonist
81
ID difference between parasympathetic & sympathetic structure, drugs
82
Define hererorecptos and Autoreceptor
Heteroreceptor: Responds to another compound that did not release it (ex: Another neuron releases ACh= goes to diff neuron binds= shuts down???) Autoreceptor: Responds to the same thing that its being release from (ex: NE released from presynaptic cell= goes to postsynaptic to bind)
83
IDK if we gotta know this but look for a bit
84
Maybe study this too ? we kinda know it but its more wordy (we know based off examples of stuff ya know?)
85
Explain what happens at a cholinergic synapse
86
Know CHT & VAT
CHT- Choline transporter VAT- Transports ACh into vesicle
87
Explain the SNARE Complex
"Docking"- Anchors vesicles near release site at synapse Ex: VAMP
88
What is synaptotagmin?
Ca+ sensor; protein that senses inc Ca in cell= causes rapid release of ACh
89
Explain Dock- Prime- Fusion
Dock- help of SNARE (VAMP Priming-Energy dependent Fusion- Ca+ induced- Synaptotagmin senses- fusion pore= ACh floods out
90
What can inhibit the CHT, CHaT, VAT?
VAT- vesamicol CCB Botox- inhibit vesicle release fusion proteins
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