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Italian: Da Capo > Chapter 4 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Which past tense is a narrative tense used to report a specific action that was completed in the past?

A

Passato prossimo

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2
Q

Which past tense is a descriptive tense used to describe how things were in the past?

A

Imperfetto

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3
Q

The passato prossimo answers the question …

A

What happened?

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4
Q

The imperfetto answers the questions …

A

What was it like? What used to happen? What was happening?

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5
Q

What tense describes states of being (physical, mental, and emotional) in the past that have no specific beginning

A

Imperfetto

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6
Q

What tense expresses the onset of a state of being at a definite time in the past

A

Passato prossimo

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7
Q

What tense expresses an action that was going on while something else was going one (imperfetto) or when something else happened (passato prossimo)

A

Imperfetto

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8
Q

The verbs most often used in the imperfetto are …

A

Avere and essere, and verbs indicating mental states like amare, credere, desiderare, pensare, potere, ricordare, sapere, sperare, volere, …

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9
Q

Can verbs have different meaning if they are in the imperfetto or the passato prossimo

A

Yes: Conoscevo - I knew; Ho conosciuto - I met

Sapevo - I knew; Ho saputo- I found out

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10
Q

The imperfetto of the verbs dovere, potere, and volere leaves uncertain what?

A

If an action one was supposed to do, was capable of doing, or was willing to do was carried out:
Dovevamo - we were supposed to; Abbiamo dovuto - we had to
Potevano - they could (had the ability); Hanno potuto - they could (managed to)
Volevano - they wanted; Hanno voluto - they insisted

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11
Q

Which tense sets the scene and provides the background

A

Imperfetto

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12
Q

Which tense advances the plot

A

Passato prossimo

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13
Q

If a main action is expressed in the passato prossimo, in what tense is a circumstance accompanying the verbs action expressed

A

Imperfetto

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14
Q

What tense expresses the habitual nature of an action

A

Imperfetto

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15
Q

Me (direct object)

A

mi

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16
Q

You - informal (direct object)

A

tu

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17
Q

You - formal (direct object)

A

La

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18
Q

Him, it - informal (direct object)

A

lo

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19
Q

Her, it (f) (direct object)

A

la

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20
Q

Us (direct object)

A

ci

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21
Q

You - plural informal (direct object)

A

vi

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22
Q

You - plural formal (direct object)

A

Li, Le

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23
Q

Them (m) (direct object)

A

li

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24
Q

them (f) (direct object)

A

le

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25
Q

Where does an Italian direct object usually go?

A

Before the conjugated verb

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26
Q

Which direct objects are elided before a verb with a vowel (except for è) and the forms of avere starting with “h”

A

Lo and la (sometimes mi, it ci, vi)

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27
Q

Which direct object are never elided before a verb?

A

The plural forms li, le, Li, and Le

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28
Q

Direct object pronouns governed by an infinitive are placed where?

A

Attached to the end of the infinitive (the final “e” of the infinitive is dropped)

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29
Q

If a direct object is governed by the infinitive forms of dovere, potere or volere where is it placed

A

It may be attached to the infinitive or placed before the entire verb phrase

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30
Q

What does Ecco do?

A

It points out or draws attention to people, places or things (here is, here are, there is, there are)

31
Q

What form of pronoun is used with Ecco

A

A direct object which is attached to the end of Ecco: Eccomi - here I am, Eccoti - here you are

32
Q

What Italian verbs take a direct object where the English equivalent takes a preposition + object?

A 
Ascoltare (to listen to)
Chiedere (to ask for)
Pagare (to pay for)
Aspettare (to wait for)
Cercare (to look for)
Guardare (to look at)
33
Q

What pronoun is used with credere, pensare, sperare, sapere, dire, and chiedere to express the previously mentioned topic

A

lo

34
Q

With some verbs, lo, when referring to a previously mentioned topic, can be replaced with …

A 
di si (in the affirmative) Credo di si
di no (in the negative) Credo di no
35
Q

When does the past particle of a verb conjugated with avere correspond in gender and number?

A

When a third person direct object (lo, la, li, le) precedes the verb. No, non le ho aperte- No, I did not open them

36
Q

In a negative sentence what must go before the verb?

A

Non

37
Q

In a negative sentence what is the only thing allowed between non and the verb

A

Object pronouns

38
Q

Non ‘verb’ affatto

A

Not at all ‘verb’

39
Q

Non ‘verb’ ancora

A

Not yet ‘verb’ (the affirmative counterpart is già, already)

40
Q

Non ‘verb’ che

A

Only verb

41
Q

Non ‘verb’ mai

A

Never ‘verb’

42
Q

Non ‘verb’ mica

A

Not al all, not in the least, not really ‘verb’

43
Q

Non ‘verb’ nè ‘verb’ nè

A

Neither ‘verb’ nor ‘verb’

44
Q

Non ‘verb’ neanche

A

Not ‘verb’ even

45
Q

Non ‘verb’ neppure

A

Not ‘verb’ even

46
Q

Non ‘verb’ nemmeno

A

Non ‘verb’ even

47
Q

Non ‘verb’ nessuno (pronoun)

A

Nobody, no one, not anybody ‘verb’

48
Q

Non ‘verb’ nessuno/a (adjective)

A

No, not…any, not a single adjective ‘verb’

49
Q

Non ‘verb’ niente

A

Nothing, not ‘verb’ anything

50
Q

Non ‘verb’ più

A

No longer, no more, not ‘verb’ again (the affirmative counterpart is ancora, still)

51
Q

Niente, nulla, nessuno can be used in a question without non to mean?

A

Anything or anyone

52
Q

To express not ‘verb’ any with a plural noun use either non with the plural noun or non with a singular noun and …

A

Nessuno/a

53
Q

My/mine singular

My/mine plural

A

Il mio, la mia

I miei, le mie

54
Q

Your/yours singular

You/yours plural

A

Il tuo, la tua

I tuoi, le tue

55
Q

Your/yours formal singular

Your/yours formal plural

A

Il Suo, la Sua

I Suoi, le Sue

56
Q

His/hers/it singular

His/hers/it plural

A

il suo, la sua

i suoi, le sue

57
Q

Our/ours singular

Our/ours plural

A

il nostro, la nostra

i nostri, le nostre

58
Q

Your/yours singular

Your/yours plural

A

il vostro, la vostra

i vostri, le vostre

59
Q

Your/yours formal singular

Your/yours formal plural

A

il Loro, la Loro

i Loro, le Loro

60
Q

Their/theirs singular

Their/theirs plural

A

il loro, la loro

i loro, le loro

61
Q

Possessive adjectives what the noun they modify?

A

The precede it and agree in gender and number

62
Q

What phrases can be used to clarify possession?

A 
di lui (of him)
di lei (of her)
63
Q

How is of mine, of yours expressed?

A

With the possessive adjective before the noun without the definite article:
un mio amico - a friend of mine
due miei cugini- two cousins of mine

64
Q

When a possessive form is preceded by a preposition, the article does what?

A

Combines with the preposition:
dalle tue finestre- from your windows
Nei suoi occhi - in his eyes

65
Q

In impersonal expressions, what is used to express one’s or one’s own?

A

Proprio (il proprio, la proprio, i propri, le proprio):

I propri errori- one’s mistakes

66
Q

The possessive adjective is used without the definite article in nouns expressing family relationships in the ? but not the ?

A

Singular but not the plural
Tuo cugino, i tuoi cugini
However, it is always il loro, i loro

67
Q

If a noun expressing a family relationship is modified by an adjective what happens?

A

The definite article is retained:
mio marito
il mio futuro marito

68
Q

Possessive pronouns have what form?

A

The same form as possessive adjectives:
la mia - mine
i nostri - ours

69
Q

The masculine plural forms i miei, i tuoi, i suoi, etc are used when referring to …

A

Relatives
Tanti saluti ain’t tuoi - best regards to your family
Arrivano i nostri - here come our friends

70
Q

When a possessive pronoun is used after a form of essere and the sentence expresses passion, what is usually omitted?

A

The definite article:
È sua quella machina?
Is that your car?

71
Q

When possession is obvious what happens to the possessive adjective?

A

It is omitted

Hai cambiato idea? You have changed your mind

72
Q

With a plural subject, each of whom possesses only on the the same item how is possession expressed

A

With the singular form of the thing possessed:
Abbiamo alzato la voce
We raised our voices

73
Q

When expressing ownership of a similar or same item by two people use what phrase before the second person?

A

quello di (that of)
Il mio Libra e quello di Maria
My book and Maria’s

74
Q

What phrases are used to express “at someones place”?

A

da + a person’s name: da Luigi - at Luigi’s

a/in casa di + a person’s name for someone’s residence: in casa di Roberto (da Roberto)

Italian: Da Capo (28 decks)

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