Chapter 12 Grammar

Question 1

infinito has to forms:

Answer 1

the simple (present) and the compound (past) infinitive

Question 2

the compound (past) infinitive is made with

Answer 2

the infinitive of avere or ester and a past participle

Question 3

the past infinitive made with avere and essere both mean

Answer 3

to have + verb

Question 4

with essere the past participle must

Answer 4

agree with subject in gender and number

Question 5

object pronouns are

Answer 5

attached to the end of the infinitive

Question 6

reflexive pronouns are

Answer 6

attached to the end and must match the subject

Question 7

in the past infinitive the reflexive pronoun is

Answer 7

attached to the end of esserse

Question 8

the infinitive may be used as

Answer 8

1) the subject of a sentence
Parlare con lui è un vero piacere.

2) an impersonal expression containing essere
Non sapevo che fosse proibito parcheggiare qui.

3) an imperative in impersonal commands
Tenere la destra.

4) object of verbs like volere, potter, and dovere expressing likes, dislikes, wishing, preferring …
Non volevano uscire. Preferivano aspettare

Question 9

Most verbs require a ? before a dependent infinitive

Answer 9

preposition - some require an “a” others a “di”

S’è abituato a bere l’espresso
He got used to drinking espresso.

Non vuoi ammettere di aver torto?
Don’t you want to admit you’re wrong?

Question 10

Most adjectives require a ? before a dependent infinitive

Answer 10

a preposition - some require an “a” other a “di”

Erano abituati a fare la siesta.
They were used to taking a siesta.

Silvia era ansiosa di essere sola
Silvia was anxious to be alone.

Question 11

Some adjectives require ? in the reflexive form if the dependent infinitive has a passive meaning

Answer 11

da + infinitive
a + infinitive

Questo formaggio è buona da mangiare con la frutta
Era una cosa orribile da vedere.

Question 12

Some of the adjectives that require da + infinitive if the dependent infinitive has a passive meaning

Answer 12

facile, difficile, bello, buono, brutto, cattivo, orribile, eccellente

Question 13

Nouns require a “da” before a dependent infinitive when

Answer 13

the infinitive indicates the purpose and use of the noun

Dov’è la roba da mangiare?

Question 14

Nouns require a “di” (sometimes ‘a’ or ‘per’)

Answer 14

when the infinitive expresses an active meaning

È ora di mangiare?
Is it time to eat?

Question 15

The prepositions a, da, in, con, su, and tra require the ? which combines with the preposition before the infinitive

Answer 15

masculine singular article

Nel rispondere cerca d’essere chiaro
In answering try to be clear

Question 16

Prepositions that can introduce an infinitive without an article

Answer 16

invece di,
oltre a (oltre che), 
per, 
piuttosto che - rather than
prima di, 
senza, 
tranne (che) - except

Question 17

Infinito passato is used

Answer 17

to express an action that has clearly taken place fore the action expressed by the main verb

Non credo di averli capiti
I don’t think I understood them

Question 18

the passed infinitive is always used after what verb

Answer 18

ringraziare

Vi ringrazio di essere venuti e di averci portato i fiori.

Question 19

the infinito passato can be introduced by verb or expression and must always be used following

Answer 19

dopo

Cosa hai fatto dopo essere ritornato a casa?
What did you do after returning home?

Question 20

The Italian gerundio is similar to the English

Answer 20

present participle

Reading your letter, I found many mistakes.

Question 21

the gerundio has to forms the present ? and the compound past ?

Answer 21

• ando for are verbs
• endo for ere and ire verbs

avendo + past participle
essendo + past participle

the translation of both avendo and essendo is “having”

Question 22

verb that use the Latin stem for the ? use the stem for the gerundio

Answer 22

imperfetto

bevevo - bevendo
dicevo - dicendo
facevo - facendo
introdurre: introducevo - introducendo
porre: ponevo - ponendo

Question 23

reflexive and object pronouns follow the gerundio and are ? to it. in the compound past they follow and are ? to ?

Answer 23

attached to it

attached to avendo or essendo

Question 24

the gerundio presente is used with the present or the imperfetto of the verb ? to express action in progress in the present or the past

Answer 24

stare

Question 25

in the stare + gerundio construction reflexive and object pronouns may ? stare or be attached to ?

Answer 25

stare

the gerund

Question 26

The difference between the presente or imperfetto and the presente or imperfetto stare + gerundio construction is

Answer 26

the implication that the stare construction indicates “right now/then, at this/that moment”

Question 27

gerundio presente is also used to express

Answer 27

an action or state of being that accompanies the action of the main verb. it is often the equivalent of a dependent clause expressing time, means, manner, condition or cause. This is used in place of the English while, on, in , by when followed by the -ing form of the verb. The subject must be the same as the main verb.

Volendo (se volete) potete riuscire.
You can sudden if you want to.

È diventato ricco lavorando molto
He became rich by working hard.

Question 28

the only preposition used before the gerundio is

Answer 28

pur

to indicate a clause expressing concession (Although, despite …)

Question 29

the gerundio passato is used to express action that has

Answer 29

clearly taken place before the main verb

Essendo partiti presto, siamo arrivati presto.
Having left early, we arrived early.

Question 30

the participio presente is formed by

Answer 30

adding to the end

• ante for -are verbs
• ente for -ere and -ire verbs

Question 31

The participio is mostly used as an adjective and as such agrees with

Answer 31

the noun it modifies

Ho visto molte facce sorridenti.
I saw many smiling faces.

Question 32

Sometimes the participio is used as a

Answer 32

noun

il mio assistente
my assistant

insegnanti e studenti
teachers and students

Question 33

when a present participle is used as a verb it is the equivalent of a ?

Answer 33

relative clause

Ho comprato un quadro rappresentante (che rappresenta) un tramonto
I bought a picture representing a sunset

Question 34

the past participle is formed with

Answer 34

• ato for -are verbs
• uto for -ere verbs
• ito for -ire verbs

Question 35

many verbs (especially -ere verbs) have irregular past participles. these endings include

Answer 35

• so or -sso : mosso from muovere (to move)
• lto : tolto from togliere (to remove)
• nto : vinto from vincere (to win)
• to or -tto : morto from morire (to die)
• sto : chiesto from chiedere (to ask)

Question 36

the past participle is used with avere or essere (auxiliaries) to form

Answer 36

compound tenses

Question 37

when used as an adjective, the past participle must

Answer 37

agree in gender and number with the noun

Era una lettera ben scritta
I was a well-written letter

Perché le finestre non sono chiuse?
Why aren’t the windows closed?

Question 38

The past participle is sometimes used as a

Answer 38

noun

Conosci gli scritti di Dante?
Do you know the writings of Dante?

Question 39

The past participle is frequently used, without an auxiliary verb, in place of the

Answer 39

compound gerund (having finished)
or after dopo + infinitive (after having finished)

Arrivati alla porta,
Essendo arrivati alla porta,
Dopo essere arrivati alla porta,

Question 40

Reflexive and object pronouns ? the past participle and are ?

Answer 40

follow and are attached to it

Vistala sola, mi sono avvicinato alla donna.
Seeing her alone, I went over to the woman.

Question 41

If the past participle is used with avere, and if there is a direct object, the past participle

Answer 41

agrees in gender and number with it’s direct object

Fatta colazione,
Having had breakfast,

Fatto il compito,
after they did their homework