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CGP GCSE Biology
> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > Flashcards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Flashcards
CGP GCSE Biology
(226 decks)
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Characteristics of Living Organisms
Organelles in typical animal cell
Organelles in typical plant cell
Cells are Specialised
Similar Cells are Organised into Tissues
Tissues are Organised into Organs
Organs Make Up Organ Systems
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protoctists
Bacteria
Viruses
Some Organisms Are Pathogens
Enzymes Are Catalysts Produced by Living Things
Enzymes are Very Specific
Enzymes Like it Warm but Not Too Hot
You Can Measure a How Fast a Product Appears
... Or How Fast a Substrate Disappears
Enzymes Also Need the Right pH
Don’t be Put Off by the Fancy Word
Cell Membranes are Pretty Clever
Osmosis is a Special Case of Diffusion
Water Moves Into and Out of Cells by Osmosis
Plants Are Supported by Turgid Cells
You Can Investigate Diffusion in a Non-Living Syste,
Investigate Osmosis in Living System
Investigate Osmosis in Non-Living Systems
Active Transport is the Opposite of Diffusion
Three Main Factors Affect The Movement of Substances
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Responding to their Environment Helps Organisms Survive
Receptors Detect Stimuli and Effectors Produce a Response
The Central Nervous Systems (CNS) Coordinates Information
Reflexes Help Prevent Injury
The Reflex Arc Goes Through the CNS
Learn the Eye
In Clockwise order list all the labels of the Eye
The Iris Reflex - Adjusting for Bright Light
Focusing on Near and Distant Objects - Another Reflex
Long-sighted people
Short-sighted people
Hormones are Chemical Messengers Sent in the Blood
Key Hormones and Their Roles in the Body
Hormones and Nerves Do Similar Jobs, but There Are Differences
Homeostasis - it’s all about Balance
Water Is Lost from the Body in Various Ways
Body Temp is Kept at About 37 °C
Skin Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Body Temperature
Smaller Organisms Can Cool Down Quicker
Plants Need to Respond to Stimuli too
Auxins are Plant Growth Hormomes
Auxins Change the Direction of Root and Shoot Growth
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Carbohydrates are Made Up of Simple Sugars
Proteins are Made Up of Amino Acids
Lipids are Made Up of Fatty Acids and Glycerol
You Can Test for Glucose Using Benedict’s Reagent
Use the Iodine Test for Starch
You Need to Eat Different Foods to Get Different Nutrients
A Balanced Diet Supplies All Your Essential Nutrients
Energy Requirements Vary in Different People
Food Can be Burnt to See How Much Energy it Contains
First You Need a Dry Food, Water and a Flame
Calculate the Amount of Energy in Joules
Calculate the Amount of Energy in Joules per Gram
The Accuracy of the Experiment Can be Increased
Digestive Enzymes Break Down Big Molecules into Smaller Ones
Bile Neutralises the Stomach Acid and Emulsifies Fats
Your Alimentary Canal Runs Through Your Body
Food is Moved Through the Gut by Peristalsis
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
Villi in the Small Intestine Help with Absorption
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Photosynthesis Produces Glucose Using Sunlight
Leaves are Designed for Making Food by Photosynthesis
Leaves are Adapted for Efficient Photosynthesis
The Limiting Factor Depends on the Conditions
Not Enough LIGHT Slows Down the Rate of Photosynthesis
Too Little CARBON DIOXIDE Also Slows it Down
The TEMPERATURE Has to be Just Right
You Need to Know How to Test a Leaf for Starch
Chlorophyll - Starch Test
CO2 - Starch Test
The Starch Test Shows Whether Photosynthesis is Taking Place
Oxygen Production Shows the Rate of Photosynthesis
Plants Need Three Main Mineral Ions For Growth
Nitrates
Phosphates
Potassium
Magnesium is Also Needed in Small Amounts
Multicellular Organisms Need Transport Systems
Plants Have Two Main Transport Systems
Root Hairs Take In Water
Transpiration is the Loss of Water from the Plant
Transpiration Rate is Affected by Four Main Things
A Potometer can be Used to Estimate Transpiration Rate
You Can See How Environmental Conditions Affect Transpiration Rates
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Respiration is NOT ‘Breathing In and Out’
Aerobic Respiration Needs Plenty of Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration Doesn’t Use Oxygen At All
Anaerobic Respiration in Plants is Slightly Different
Carbon a Dioxide Production can be Detected using an Indicator
The Heat Produced by Respiration can be Measured
Plants Exchange Gases By Diffusion
The Next Exchange of Gases Depends on Light Intensity
Leaves are Adapted for Efficient Gas Exchange
Hydrogen-carbonate Indicator Shows Changes in CO2 Conc
...So You Can Use it to Show Differences in Net Gas Exchange un Plants
And The Results are in...
The Lungs Are in the Thorax
Breathing In...
...and Breathing Out
You Can Investigate the Effect of Exercsie no Breathing Rate
Alveoli Carry Out Gas Exchange in the Body
Alveoli are Specialised for Gas Exchange
Smoking Tobacco Can Cause Quite a Few Problems
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Blood has Four Main Components
Plasma is the Liquid Bit of Blood
Platelets are Small Fragments of Cells that Help Blood Clot
Red Blood Cells Have the Job of Carrying Oxygen
Your Immune System Deals with Pathogens
Phagocytes Ingest Pathogens
Lymphocytes Produce Antibodies
Vaccination - Protects from Future Infections
Blood Vessels are Designed for Their Function
Arteries Carry Blood Under Pressure
Capillaries are a Really Small
Veins Take Blood Back to the Heart
Parts of the Heart
Labels of Heart in Clockwise Order
Exercise Increases Heart Rate
The Hormonal System Also Helps to Control Heart Rate
Labels of Circulation System in Clockwise Order
You Need to Know the Structure of the Circulation System
The Kidneys are Excretion Organs
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Release of wastes
The Kidneys Also Adjust the Body’s Water Content
ADH Helps to Control Water Content
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Genes are Chemical Instructions
DNA is a Double Helix
Asexual Reproduction Involves Mitosis
Mitosis Produces Genetically Identical Cells
Mitosis Also Makes New Cells for Growth and Repair
Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetically Different Cells
Gametes are Produced by Meiosis
The Stamen is the Male Reproductive Part - Flower
The Carpel is the Female Reproductive Part - Flower
Some Plants are Adapted for Insect Pollination
Pollination
Other Plants are Adapted for Wind Pollination
Fertilisation is the Fusion of Gametes
Germination is when Seeds Start to Grow
Germinating Seeds get Energy from Food Stores
Plants Can Reproduce Asexuality Using Natural Methods
... or We Can Clone Them Using Artificial Methods
The Male Reproductive System Makes Sperm
The Female Reproductive System Makes Ova (Eggs)
Hormones Promote Sexual Characteristics at Puberty
The Menstrual Cycle has Four Stages
Oestrogen and Progesterone Control the Menstrual Cycle
The Embryo Develops During Pregnancy
Alleles are Different Versions of the Same Gene
Genetic Diagrams show the Possible Alleles in the a Offspring
There’s Another Way to Draw Genetic Diagrams
You Can Draw Genetic Diagrams for Codominant Inheritance too
You Need to Understand Family Pedigrees
Your Chromosomes Control Whether You’re Male or Female
There’s an Equal Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl...
Genetic Variation is Caused by Genes
Most Variation in Animals is Due to Genes AND Environment
Environmental Variation in Plants is Much Greater
Make Sure You Know the Theory of Evolution
Natural Selection Means the ‘Survival of the Fittest’
The Best Genes for a Particular Environment Tend to Survive
Mutations are Changes to the Genetic Code
Bacteria can Evolve and Become Antibiotic-Resistant
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You Need to Learn Some Definitions to get you started
You Can Estimate Population Sizes in Different Areas Using a Quadrat
Two Important Points About This Kind of Counting Method
You Can Use Quadrats to Investigate the Distribution of Organisms too
Food Chains Show What’s Eaten by What in an Ecosystem
You Need to Understand Pyramids of Numbers
You Have to Understand Pyramids of Biomass too
Pyramids of Energy Transfer Are Always Pyramid-Shaped
Energy is Transferred Along a Food Chain
Food Webs Show How Food Chains are Linked
The Water Cycle Means Water is Endlessly Recycled
The Carbon Cycle Shows How Carbon is Recycled
Nitrogen is Also Recycled in the Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Monoxide is Poisonous
Acid Rain is Caused by Sulfur Dioxide
Acid Rain Kills Fish and Trees
Greenhouse Gases Trap Heat from the Sun
Human Activity Produces Lots of Greenhouse Gases
Fertilisers can Leach into Water and Cause Eutrophication
Deforestation Affects the Soil, Water Cycle and Carbon Cycle
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You Can Artificially Create the Ideal Conditions for Photosynthesis
Fertilisers Are Used to Ensure the Crops Have Enough Nutrients
Pest Control Stops Pests Eating Crops
Bacteria Ferment Milk to Produce Yoghurt
Microorganisms are Grown in Fermenters
We Use Yeast for Brewing Beer
The Respiration Rate of Yeast Depends on Its Conditions
Selective Breeding is Mating the Best Organisms to Get Good Offspring
Selective Breeding is Very Useful
Fish Can be Farmed In Cages In The Sea
Fish Can Be Farmed In Tanks Too
Enzymes Can Be Used To Cut Up DNA or Join DNA Pieces Together
Vectors Can Be Used to Insert DNA Into Other Organisms
Genetically Modified Plants Can Improve Food Production
Micro propagation is Used to Clone Plants
Cloning an Adult Mammal is Done by Transplanting a Cell Nucleus
There Are Advantages and Disadvantages to Cloning
