3 - Alexander's Other Reforms

Question 1

What were 2 reasons for further reform?

Answer 1

Disappointment/Other issues

Question 2

What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?

Answer 2

Military

All classes

Question 3

What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?

Answer 3

Military

25 to 15 years

Question 4

What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?

Answer 4

Military

Corporal

Question 5

What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?

Answer 5

Military colleges

Modern weaponry

Question 6

How could the new army be described after military reform?

Answer 6

Smaller but better-trained

Question 7

What was reduced after military reform?

Answer 7

Costs

Question 8

What was improved through army education campaigns?

Answer 8

Literacy

Question 9

What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?

Answer 9

Aristocrats

Upper

Question 10

What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?

Answer 10

Local government

Zemstva

Question 11

What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?

Answer 11

Local government

People, primarily Nobles

Question 12

What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?

Answer 12

Public services and industry

The poor

Question 13

What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?

Answer 13

Representative government
Nobles and “professionals”
Welfare and education

Question 14

How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?

Answer 14

Zemstva forum

Taxation and law

Question 15

What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?

Answer 15

Judicial

Question 16

What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?

Answer 16

Judiciary

Barristers and a jury

Question 17

What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?

Answer 17

Judiciary

Equally

Question 18

What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?

Answer 18

It improved

Judiciary

Question 19

What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?

Answer 19

Fairer and less corrupt
Government control
Vera Zasulich

Question 20

What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?

Answer 20

Ecclesiastical and military courts

Poland

Question 21

What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?

Answer 21

Improvements in literacy and numeracy

Liberal Alexander Golovnin

Question 22

Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?

Answer 22

Zemstva

All

Question 23

What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?

Answer 23

Vocational schools

University

Question 24

When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?

Answer 24

1863

Liberal

Question 25

What tripled between 1856-1880? How was there an increase in students?

Answer 25

Primary schools

Doubled

Question 26

What was there a greater selection of at schools? What happened to the number of students at university?

Answer 26

Subjects

Tripled

Question 27

What was the primary curriculum still based on? What did it offer?

Answer 27

Religion

Reading, writing and arithmetic

Question 28

How was secondary education limited? Who was it limited to?

Answer 28

It had fees

The better-off

Question 29

What did more radical students join? What were these committed to?

Answer 29

Opposition movements

Violence

Question 30

What year did the Military reforms take place? What other reforms also took place that year?

Answer 30

1874

Judiciary

Question 31

What 2 separate years did Local Government reforms take place?

Answer 31

1864

1870

Question 32

Between what period did Educational reforms take place?

Answer 32

1863-64