7 - Industrial Development And The Land Question

Question 1

What class did Russia not possess?

Answer 1

Middle class

Question 2

What did Von Reutern believe Russia needed? What did he introduce?

Answer 2

Economic change

Reforms

Question 3

What type of farming was abolished? What did this mean?

Answer 3

Tax-farming

Companies could no longer collect taxes

Question 4

What organisation was reformed under Von Reutern? What systems were established?

Answer 4

The Treasury

Auditing and budgeting

Question 5

What facilities were made available from Banks?

Answer 5

Credit facilities

Question 6

What was offered to private railway companies?

Answer 6

Subsides

Question 7

What was guaranteed by the government for foreign investors?

Answer 7

Annual dividends

Question 8

What was lowered on trade? What was negotiated?

Answer 8

Tariffs

Trade treaties

Question 9

What 2 industries expanded because of Von Reutern? What field was there an improvement in?

Answer 9

Cotton/Mining

Agriculture

Question 10

In what 2 fields did mobility remained limited? What was slow?

Answer 10

Transport/Labour

Growth

Question 11

What was unstable in the economy? Where did a lot of income go towards?

Answer 11

Russian Currency

Paying off debts

Question 12

Which place did Russia remain underdeveloped towards?

Answer 12

Western Europe

Question 13

What did Vyshnegradsky try to build up?

Answer 13

Industry

Question 14

What tariffs were increased? How much by?

Answer 14

Import tariffs

30%

Question 15

Why were grain imports increased? How much were they increased by between 1881-91?

Answer 15

To make peasants sell to the state

18%

Question 16

Where did Russia get a loan from in 1888?

Answer 16

France

Question 17

What 3 things did peasants suffer from under Vyshnegradsky?

Answer 17

High taxes
High good prices
Grain requisitions

Question 18

When did a famine take place under Vyshnegradsky? How many people died?

Answer 18

1891-92

350,000

Question 19

What did Witte want from abroad? What 3 things did he increase investment in?

Answer 19

Loans

Mining, oil and banking

Question 20

What did Witte encourage European experts to oversee? What did he want advice on?

Answer 20

Development

Planning

Question 21

What did Witte achieve with the railway network?

Answer 21

A huge expansion

Question 22

Why did emancipation bring little change to agriculture for peasants?

Answer 22

Peasants had too little land to become prosperous

Question 23

Why did the Mir fail to bring agricultural success?

Answer 23

Backwards farming practices favoured by the elders

Question 24

Who were the biggest Landowners? What did many of them do?

Answer 24

Nobles

Sell their land to pay debts

Question 25

Why did some Landowners abandon farming? What did some of them start up?

Answer 25

To learn professions

Businesses

Question 26

How did Kulaks buy land? Who did Kulaks employ?

Answer 26

Loans from the Peasants Land Bank

Lower peasants

Question 27

What did the poorer peasants become?

Answer 27

Landless labourers

Question 28

Why were most peasants unable to do military service? What was the average life expectancy in Russia for peasants?

Answer 28

Unfit

28

Question 29

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about the economic partitions?

Answer 29

“Partitions made little economic sense”