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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 8 - Blood & Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Week 8 - Blood & Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of bv

A

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

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2
Q

Define vascular tone

A

Ability of muscle in vessels to contract + maintain a state of partial contraction.

– Important in maintaining vessel pressure + efficient bf.

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3
Q

Where does microcirculation occur

A

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

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4
Q

List the Tunics of a bv

A

Tunica interna / intima

Tunica Media

Tunica Externa / Adventitia

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5
Q

Whats on the inner most layer of the tunica interna / intima

A

Endothelium – Thin layer of flattened cells

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6
Q

What on the the tunica interna facilitates efficient bf by ⬇️ surface tension?

A

Smooth luminal surface

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7
Q

What is deep to the endothelium on the tunica intima / interna

A

Basement membrane

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8
Q

What does the basement membrane of the tunica interna do?

A

Provides physical support for the epithelial layer.

Anchors endothelium, to underlying connective tissue

+ regulates molecular movement.

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9
Q

What is the most outer part of the tunica interna?

A

Internal elastic lamina

= Thin sheet of elastic fibres w/ a no. of window like openings to facilitate diffusion.

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10
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Muscular + connective tissue of mainly smooth muscle + lots of elastic fibres.

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11
Q

What is the role of the smooth muscle in the tunica media

A

Reg. diameter of lumen via vasoconstriction/dilation.

Also contracts when a small artery or arteries are damaged to help limit loss of blood.

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12
Q

What does the tunica externa consist of

A

Elastic + collagen fibres.

Nerves, tiny bv + lymphatics

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13
Q

What are the vasa vasorum

A

Small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the tunica externa.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of arteries

A

Elastic

Muscular

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15
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A

Aorta + pulmonary trunk

Both conducting arteries

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16
Q

What is the function of the aorta + pulmonary trunk in being elastic arteries

A

Propel blood onward while ventricles are relaxing.

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17
Q

What is meant by the elastic arteries functioning as a pressure reservoir

A

Their walls stretch to accommodate surge of blood = elastic fibres momentarily store mechanical energy.

Fibres recoil + convert pot. energy into KE of the blood

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18
Q

If elastic arteries are known as conducting arteries, what are muscular arteries known as?

A

Distributing arteries

– Distribute blood to arterioles

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19
Q

Tunica interna of arterioles

A

Thin

Fenestrated internal elastic lamina that disappears distally.

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20
Q

Tunica media of arterioles

A

1-2 layers of circular smooth muscle

– Form precapillary sphincters at distal end

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21
Q

Tunica externa of arterioles

A

Loose collagenous connective tissue

Unmyelinated sympathetic nerves

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22
Q

What part of the arteriole has the precapillary sphincters

A

Metarteriole

Where the metarteriole-capillary junction is formed

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23
Q

Function of arterioles

A

Regulate blood flow into cap. networks

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24
Q

What causes resistance to blood flow in bv

A

Friction between blood + inner walls of bv.

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25
Q

Tunica interna of capillaries

A

Endothelium + basement membrane.

No tunica media or externa

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26
Q

Tunica interna of postcapillary venules

A

Endothelium + basement membrane.

No tunica media + tunica externa is sparse.

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27
Q

Tunica interna of muscular venules

A

Endothelium + basement membrane

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28
Q

Tunica media of muscular venules

A

1-2 layers of circular smooth muscle.

Tunica externa - sparse.

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29
Q

What do muscular venules do?

A

Act as reservoirs for accumulating large vol. of blood.

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30
Q

Tunica interna for veins

A

Endothelium + basement membrane.

Valves

Large lumen

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31
Q

Does the tunica interna of the veins contain internal elastic lamina?

A

NO

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32
Q

Tunica media for veins

A

Thinner than arteries

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33
Q

Does the tunica media of veins have an external elastic lamina

A

NO

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34
Q

Tunica externa of the veins

A

Thickest layer

Collagen + elastin

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35
Q

what happens at the capillaries

A

Exchange of substances between blood + interstitial fluid

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36
Q

What stabilises the walls of the capillaries

A

Pericytes

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37
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A

Fenestrated

Sinusoid

Continuous

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38
Q

Define capillary bed

A

Network of 10-100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole

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39
Q

Define vasomotor

A

Intermittent contraction + reaction occurring 5-10 times/min

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40
Q

Where can fenestrated capillaries be found?

A

Where active capillary absorption / filtration occurs

i.e

Kidneys, small intestine + endocrine glands

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41
Q

What do the fenestrated capillaries have

A

Endothelium w/ pores

== Greater permeability

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42
Q

Properties of the sinusoid capillaries

A

Highly modified + leaky

Large lumen

Large mol. can pass through

Sluggish bf

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43
Q

Where can the sinusoid capillaries be found

A

Liver

Bone marrow

Spleen

44
Q

Where are the continuous capillaries abundant?

A

Skin + muscle

45
Q

Describe the continuous capillaries in the brain

A

Tight junctions around endothelium

Make up blood-brain barrier

46
Q

Define vascular sinus

A

Vein w/ thin endothelial wall + no smooth muscle to alter its diameter

47
Q

What are the functions of the blood

A

Transportation — Gases, nutrients, waste

Regulation — pH, body temp, osmotic balance

Protection — Clotting, immunity

48
Q

Describe plasma

A

Straw-coloured liquid

About 91.5% H20

8.5% solutes

49
Q

What %, by weight, are proteins of the solutes?

A

7%

50
Q

What is the function of water in the plasma

A

Solvent + suspending medium

Absorbs, transports + releases heat.

51
Q

List the plasma proteins

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

52
Q

Function of plasma proteins

A

Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.

Contributors to blood viscosity.

Transports hormones, fatty acids + Ca2+.

Helps reg. blood pH

53
Q

Function of electrolytes in blood plasma

A

Maintains osmotic pressure

Essential roles in cell functions

54
Q

What reg. no. of RBCs + platelets in circulation?

A

-ive fb systems

55
Q

What does the abundance in types of WBCs vary according to?

A

Challenges by invading pathogens + other foreign antigens.

56
Q

Define hemopoiesis / hematopoiesis

A

Process by which formed elements of blood develop.

Primary sit in red bone marrow in last 3 months before birth + throughout life.

57
Q

Define red bone marrow

A

Highly vascularised connective tissue in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone.

58
Q

What % of red bone marrow cells are pluripotent stem cells / hemocytoblasts ?

Where are they derived from?

A

0.05-0.1%

Mesenchyme

59
Q

How many RBCs enter blood stream per sec

A

2 million

60
Q

Plasma membrane of RBCs

A

Strong + flexible

== Allows them to deform w/.out rupturing as they squeeze through narrow blood capillaries.

61
Q

Diameter of RBCs

A

7-8 micrometers

62
Q

What % of the blood is whole blood + then other fluids + tissues

A

Whole blood - 8%

Other - 92%

63
Q

How long do RBCS last + why

A

About 120 days due to wear + tear of plasma membranes

64
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

RBC prod.

65
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Low blood O2

66
Q

Where is EPO released from

A

Kidneys

67
Q

What does erythropoiesis start with

A

Proerythroblasts

68
Q

What do the pro erythroblasts do

A

Eject the nucleus to allow space to carry O2 in which a reticulocyte is formed.

69
Q

What happens to the reticulocyte?

A

Escapes from bone marrow

+ in 1-2 days after it ejects other organelles to become a MATURE RBC.

70
Q

What are the average hematocrit levels

A

42%

71
Q

What does it mean if the hematocrit levels are above 50%?

A

Athlete has doped

72
Q

Do WBCs have a nuclei

A

YES

73
Q

What are the classifications pithing WBCs

A

Granular

Agranular

(Depending on whether they contain vesicles)

74
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs

A

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophil

75
Q

Give examples of granular WBCs

A

Neutrophils

Basophils

76
Q

Give examples of granular WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

77
Q

How long do platelets function for

A

10 days

78
Q

Do platelets have nuclei

A

NO

79
Q

In what ways are platelets involved in clotting

A

Adhesion

Activation

Aggregation

80
Q

Serum

A

Blood plasma minus clotting proteins

81
Q

Blood clot

A

Consists of a network of insoluble protein fibres called fibrin in which the formed elements of blood are trapped.

82
Q

What could be the result of blood clotting too easily

A

Thrombosis

83
Q

What could be the result of blood taking too long to clot

A

Haemorrhage

84
Q

Stages of blood clotting

A
  1. Intrinsic + extrinsic pathways lead to formation of pro-thrombinase. - Once formed, the next 2 stages are the same for both intrinsic + extrinsic pathways + referred to as COMMON Pathway.
  2. Pro-thrombinase converts prothrombin –> enzyme thrombin.
  3. Thrombonin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin – forming threads of the clot.
85
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway in blood clotting for

A

Tissue trauma

86
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway in blood clotting for

A

Activators are either in direct contract w/ blood or contained w/in blood.

87
Q

What happens in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

A

Thromboplastin leaks into blood from cells outside of bv + initiates formation of prothrombinase.

88
Q

What is thromboplastin?

A

Complex mixture of lipoproteins + PL released from the surfaces of damaged cells.

89
Q

What does thromboplastin do in the presence of Ca2+?

A

Begins a sequence of reactions that activates clotting factor X.

Once activated, combines w/ factor V to form prothrombinase.

= completing the extrinsic pathway.

90
Q

What happens in the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting

A

If endothelial cells become damaged, blood can come into contact w/ collagen fibres in the connective tissue around the endothelium of the bv.

Trauma to endothelial cells causes damage to platelets, resulting in release of PL.

Contact w/ collagen fibres activates clotting factor XII which starts a seq. of reactions that eventually activate clotting factor X.

  • Once activated, combines w/ factor V to form prothrombinase, completing the intrinsic pathway.
91
Q

Which is faster, the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway in blood clotting

A

Extrinsic

92
Q

What happens in the common pathway of blood clotting

A

Prothrombinase + Ca2+ catalyse conversion of prothrombin –> thrombin.

In presence of Ca2+, thrombin converts fibrinogen, soluble, to loose fibrin threads, insoluble.

Thrombin also activates factor XIII which strengthens + stabilises fibrin threads into a sturdy clot. Plasma contains some factor XIII which is also released by platelets in clot.

93
Q

What are the 2 +ive fb effects of thrombin

A

Thrombin accelerates formation of prothrombinase = accelerates prod. Of more thrombin…

Thrombin activates platelets which reinforces their aggregation + the release of platelet PL.

94
Q

Clot retraction happens after the common pathway, describe what happens

A

Once clot is formed, it plugs ruptured area of bv.

= Tightening of fibrin clot.

Fibrin threads attached to damaged surfaces of bv gradually contract as platelets pull on them.

As clot retracts, it pulls edges of damaged vessel closer together, decr risk of further damage.

Some serum can escape between fibrin threads during retraction but the formed elements in blood can’t.

95
Q

What do the surfaces of erythrocytes contain?

A

A genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins + glycolipids.

96
Q

How many blood groups are there

A

At least 24

97
Q

How many antigens are there that can be detected on the surface of RBCs

A

100+

98
Q

What are blood groups based on

A

2 glycolipid antigens called A + B

99
Q

What blood can type A people receive

A

Type A + O blood

100
Q

What blood can type B people receive

A

Type B + O

101
Q

What blood can type AB people receive

A

A, B, O + AB

102
Q

What blood can type O people receive

A

Type O

103
Q

Rhesus factor

A

+ive or -ive

+ive = Accept +ive or -ive

-ive = Accept ONLY +ive

104
Q

Which blood is a universal acceptor

A

AB +

105
Q

Which blood is a universal donor

A

O-

106
Q

How does the basement membrane of the tunica interna provide physical support for the epithelial layer?

A

Collagen fibres allow sig. tensile strength, resilience for stretching + recoil.

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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