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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 12 - Somatotyping, Growth & Maturation > Flashcards

Week 12 - Somatotyping, Growth & Maturation Flashcards

1
Q

Define somatotyping

A

System of classifying body types in terms of 3 categories to represent 3 extremes.

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2
Q

What is somatotyping used for?

A

To appraise body shape

Describe physique NOT composition

To quantify the shape of the human body

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3
Q

What are the 3 somatotypes named after?

A

3 germ layers of embryonic development.

Endoderm (develops into digestive tract)
Mesoderm (becomes muscle, heart + bv)
Ectoderm (forms the skin + NS)

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4
Q

Dr. William Herbert Sheldon

A

American psychologist who pioneered the use of anthropometry in the development of categories.

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5
Q

Somatotype method development

A

Originally proposed as a genotypic morphology rating on a 7 point scale by Sheldon (1940).

  • Drew from earlier work by Kretschmer (1921) who classified 3 ‘poles’ to represent extreme physique variation + Viola (1933) relating dimensions of thorax, trunk + limbs to a ‘normotype’.

Partly influenced by an alternative methodology from Parnell (1954), Heath + Carter (1967) introduced a 3 numerical rating somatotype. - Has become the most universally applied, involving a photoscopic + anthropometric method, later to be revised in 1990.

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6
Q

Heath-Carter method

A

Classic somatotyping:

3 components of same order:

  • Endomorphy = Centered on abdomen + whole digestive system
  • Mesomorphy = Focused on muscles + circulatory system.
  • Ectomorphy = Related to brain + NS.

3 no. give the magnitude of each of the 3: (Endomorphy-Mesopmorphy-Ectomorphy) i.e 3-5-2

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7
Q

Heath-Carter method

no. to magnitudes

A 
0.5-2.5 = low 
3-5 = moderate 
5.5-7 = high 
>7.5 = very high
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8
Q

What shape are endomorphs

A

Pear

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9
Q

Head of a endomorph

A

Rounded

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10
Q

Hips + shoulders of an endomorph

A

Wide

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11
Q

Front to back + side to side of an endomorph

A

Wider front to back than side to side

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12
Q

Fat location on endomorph

A

Lot of fat on upper arms + thighs

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13
Q

Arm + leg length for endomorph

A

Short

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14
Q

What shape are mesomorphs

A

Wedge shaped body

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15
Q

Head of mesomorphs

A

Cubical

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16
Q

Shoulders of mesomorphs

A

Wide + broad

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17
Q

Arms + legs of mesomorphs

A

Muscled

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18
Q

Hips of mesomorphs

A

Narrow

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19
Q

Front to back + side to side of mesomorphs

A

Narrow front to back rather than side to side

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20
Q

Fat on mesomorphs

A

Min. amount

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21
Q

Head of ectomorph

A

High forehead

Receding chin

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22
Q

Shoulder + hips of ectomorph

A

Narrow

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23
Q

Chest + abdomen of ectomorph

A

Narrow

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24
Q

Arms + legs of ectomorph

A

thin

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25
Q

Muscle + fat of. ectomorph

A

Little

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26
Q

Endomorphs + sports

What does their mass do?

A

⬇️ their ability to complete in sports w/ high levels of agility, speed + weight bearing aerobic activities.

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27
Q

Endomorphs + sports

What are they suited to?

A

Pure strength i.e power lifting

28
Q

Sporting benefits to endomorphs

A

Size = Rugby = bulk useful if moved powerfully.

Large lung capacity = rowing

Can incr. muscle mass easily

29
Q

Mesomorphs + sports

A

Excels in strength, agility + speed.

Can sustain low body fat.

Find it easy to lose + gain weight.

30
Q

Sporting benefits to mesomorphs

A

Respond well to CV + resistance training.

All muscle groups can be used to derive + training adaptations.

31
Q

Ectomorphs + sports

What does their long + thin build leave them susceptible to?

A

Injuries

32
Q

Ectomorphs + sports

What does their lack of muscle mass mean?

A

Limits their chances in sports req. mass.

33
Q

Ectomorphs + sports

What sports do they dominate

A

Endurance, jump sports + gymnastics,

34
Q

Ectomorphs + sports

Sporting benefits

A

Light frame = Aerobic activity

Smaller body surface area = enhances suitability for endurance activity.

Better at thermoregulation = important in endurance based sports.

35
Q

How is somatotypes most commonly measured?

A

Using the Heath-Carter Measurement system

36
Q

Heath-Carter measurement system

What are the 3 ways

A

Anthropometric method

Photoscopic method

Anthropometric + photoscopic method

37
Q

What’s req for the endomorphic component of the heath-carter measurement?

A

Tricep

Subscapular

Supraspinale

38
Q

What’s req for the mesomorphic component of the heath-carter measurement?

A

Humerus width

bicep girth

tricep SK

height

calf SK

Calf girth

Femur width

39
Q

What’s req for the ectomorphic component of the heath-carter measurement?

A

Height + weight

40
Q

Whats the relevance of somatotyping

A

Provides overall summary of physique

Combines an appraisal of relative adiposity, muscle-skeletal robustness + linearity of physique.

Provides a 3 no. rating which can be visualised

Used to describe + compare athletes

Used to describe changes due to training, ageing + growth.

41
Q

Define growth

A

⬆️ in body size

Variable process + end points

Continues throughout life

42
Q

Define maturation

A

Process of becoming fully mature

Variable process w/ defined end points

Sexual, dental + skeletal

43
Q

What are the determinants of somatic growth

A

Genotype

Environment (nutrition, activity…)

Endocrine system

44
Q

What are the physiological determinants of peak bone mass

A

Genetic factors

Hormonal factors

Nutritional factors

Mechanical factors

45
Q

What are the ways in which to measure growth?

A

Recumbent length

Stature

Recumbent knee height

Sitting height

46
Q

MEASURING GROWTH

Recumbent length

A

From birth until child can stand.

47
Q

Is growth in stature a continuous process?

A

NO

48
Q

MEASURING GROWTH

Stature

A

Similar to adults

Preferred measure

49
Q

What is growth characterised by?

A

Periods of ‘stepwise’ interments followed by a variable period of stasis (2-100 days).

Increments vary between 0.5-2.5cm in amplitude + occur w/in a 24hr window

50
Q

MEASURING GROWTH

Recumbent knee height

A

Used to estimate stature in elderly or disabled populations.

51
Q

MEASURING GROWTH

Sitting height

A

Legs account for 60-70% of height in early years.

Mature = 50%.

52
Q

How do females change in growth after adolescence?

A

Shorter legs

53
Q

How do males change in growth pre adolescence?

A

Shorter trunks

54
Q

Age range for cessation of growth in stature for females

A

17-18

55
Q

Age range for cessation of growth in stature for males

A

21-22

56
Q

What is peak height velocity (PHV)

A

Measure of Max rate of growth in height during a growth spurt.

57
Q

How can you determine the age that PHV will occur in girls

A

Seated height + stature at 11.8 yrs

58
Q

How can you determine the age that PHV will occur in boys

A

Seated height + stature at 13.7 yrs

59
Q

What may happen at growth spurt?

A

Motor performance might be disrupted

60
Q

What is peak weight velocity (PWV)

A

Max rate of growth in body weight

Occurs after PHV

Mature body weight is ~20 times that of birth weight

61
Q

At what age does body weight peak

A

45

62
Q

What happens to body weight at ages 45-60

A

Remains stable or declines

63
Q

What assessment method is there for skeletal maturity?

A

X-rays

64
Q

What assessment method is there for dental age?

A

Whether teeth have erupted

65
Q

What assessment method is there for dental maturity?

A

no. of teeth + x-rays

66
Q

What assessment method is there for age of menarche?

A

Onset + frequency

67
Q

What is menarche?

A

1st occurrence of menstruation.

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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