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ME2019 PART 2 > An Introduction to Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

An Introduction to Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are possible infecting agents?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Parasites

Prions

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2
Q

What are the two areas of the body in terms of organisms?

A

Sterile and non-sterile

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3
Q

What is a sterile site?

A

One which normally does not have infection

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4
Q

What is a non-sterile sites?

A

One which has some degree of harmless infection, usually associated with the outside world

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5
Q

What are examples of sterile sites?

A

Blood

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Lung

Bladder

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6
Q

What are examples of non-sterile sites?

A

Skin

Nasopharynx

Urethra

Gut

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7
Q

Which kind of sites is easier to diagnose a harmful infection?

A

Sterile sites because you are not expecting to find anything there

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8
Q

What are some common speciments collected for bacterial culture?

A

Mid-stream urine (urinary tract infection)

Sputum (chest infection)

Throat swab (tonsillitis)

Swab or pus (wound or site of infection)

Faeces (diarrhoea)

Blood culture (bacteraemia)

Cerebro-spinal fluid (meningitis)

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9
Q

What are different ways of looking for pathogens?

A

Microscopy

Gram stain and microscopy

Bacterial culture

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10
Q

In what site does microscopy work well?

A

Sterile sites but not non-sterile sites

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11
Q

What can microscopes not see?

A

Viruses, they are too small

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12
Q

What can unstained microscopy see?

A

Pus cells (in urine)

Parasites (in faeces)

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13
Q

What is stained microscopy used to see?

A

Yeasts

Fungi

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14
Q

How can flourescent bacteria be seen?

A

By using flourescent staining such as auramine. such as for mycobacteria

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15
Q

What does gram staining identify?

A

Whether the bacteria is gram negative or gram positive

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16
Q

How does gram negative bacteria appear when gram staining?

A

Pale red

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17
Q

How does gram positive appear when gram staining?

A

Dark purple

18
Q

What is an advantage of microscopy?

A

It is quick

19
Q

What can gram staining not identify?

A

The specific speices present

20
Q

What does gram staining not being ‘sensitive’ mean?

A

There needs to be lots of bacteria present for it to work

21
Q

What are properties of bacterial culture?

A

It is slow

It is sensitive (do not need lots of bacteria)

22
Q

What can be changed in a bacterial culture?

A

Culture conditions to promote the growth of certain species

23
Q

What are things that can be controlled in a bacterial culture?

A

Type of media (selective/non-selective)

Atmosphere

Temperature

Duration of incubation

24
Q

What are observable characteristics that can be used to identify a species?

A

Morphological

Physiological

Biochemical

25
Q

What distinguishes strains within a species?

A

Typing

26
Q

How can viral infections be diagnosed?

A

Molecular methods (such as real time PCR)

Antigen detection

Serology

Electron microscopy

Cell or tissue culture

27
Q

What is not really used now for detecting viruses?

A

Electron microscopy

Cell or tissue culture

28
Q

What is serology?

A

Detecting antibodies that the patient has produced against the virus

29
Q

What are the 3 classes of parasites?

A

Protozoa

Helminths (worms)

Arthropods

30
Q

What are examples of protozoa?

A

Malaria

Amoebae

Flagellates

31
Q

What are examples of helminths?

A

Roundwormm

Tapeworm

Flukes

32
Q

What are examples of arthropods?

A

Lice

Ticks

Mites

33
Q

What is normally used to diagnose parasites?

A

Microscopy

34
Q

What is looked for when diagnosing parasites?

A

Parasites

Cysts

Ova

35
Q

What is rarely possible and what is sometimes useful for diagnosing parasites?

A

Culture is rarely possible and serology is sometimes useful

36
Q

What is a healthcare acquired infeciton?

A

An infection that is acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility

37
Q

What are examples of common healthcare acquired infections?

A

MRSA

Clostidium difficile

B-lactamases

Noroviruses

38
Q

What is antibacterial resistance?

A

The ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat that microbe

39
Q

What are we currently experiencing in terms of antibiotics?

A

A discovery void

40
Q

What are examples of basic infection control?

A

Wash hands before touching the patient

Wash hands between patients

Swab stethoscope between patients

Isolate infectious patients in single rooms

ME2019 PART 2 (45 decks)

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