Acute Inflammation 1

Question 1

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 1

A fundamental response maintaining the integrity of an organism

A series of protective changes occuring in living tissue as a response to injury

Question 2

What are signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

Question 3

What are possible aetiology (causes) of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Microorganisms

Mechanical (trauma to tissue)

Chemical (acid or alkali)

Physical (extreme heat, cold or ionisation)

Dead tissue

Hypersensitivity

Question 4

Where does acute inflammation happen?

Answer 4

Localised to affected tissue

Question 5

What is the process of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Series of microscoping changes that take place in the circulation

Question 6

What is the microcirculation composed of?

Answer 6

Capillary beds (fed by arterioles and drained by venules)

Extracellular space and fluid

Lymphatic channels and drainage

Question 7

What does the flux of fluids across the microcirculation depend on?

Answer 7

The difference in pressure in and out pulling the fluid in opposite directions (hydrostatic and cologenic pressures)

Question 8

What does acute inflammation lead to in the microcirculation?

Answer 8

Changes in vessel radias (flow)

Changes in permeability of the vessel wall (exudation)

Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extracellular space

Question 9

What are the changes in vessel flow known as?

Answer 9

Triple response

Question 10

What is the process of the triple response?

Answer 10

1) Temporary arteriolar constriction (protective)
2) Local arteriolar dilation (active hyperaemia)
3) Relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

Question 11

What is flow proportional to?

Answer 11

Radias to the power of 4

Question 12

What does a small increase in a vessel radias lead to?

Answer 12

A massive increase in flow

Question 13

What symptoms does the increased flow cause?

Answer 13

Redness and heat

Question 14

What does increasing vessel permeability result in?

Answer 14

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extravascular space

Increased viscocity which decreases flow

Question 15

What does increased viscocity cause?

Answer 15

White blood cells to travel to the edge of the vessel and the erythrocytes to the middle, which is the opposite to how they normally are

Question 16

What is exudation?

Answer 16

Process of increasing the vessel permeability

Question 17

What is exudate?

Answer 17

The fluid that leaks from a vessel during exudaiton, rich in protein including immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

Question 18

What does exudation result in?

Answer 18

Formation of oedema, which explains the swelling which causes pain and reduced function

Question 19

What is oedema?

Answer 19

Accumulation of liquid in the extracellular space

Question 20

What are the phases of the emigration of neutrophils?

Answer 20

1) Migration (moves to edges of lumen)
2) Pavementing (adhere to the endothelium)
3) Emigration (squeeze between endothelial cells to the extravascular space)

Question 21

What are some examples of diseases caused by inflammation?

Answer 21

Gingivitis

Pleural inflammation

Appendicitis

Question 22

What is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation?

Answer 22

Inciting agent isolated and destroyed

Epithelial surface regenerates

Exudate is filtered away

Vascular changes return to normal

Inflammation resolves

Question 23

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 23

Rapid response to nonspecific insult

Neutrophils destroy organism and denature antigen for macrophages

Plasma proteins localise process

Question 24

What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 24

Resolution

Suppuration (pus formation)

Organisation

Chronic inflammation