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ME2019 PART 2 > Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria 1 > Flashcards

Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are things that can infect patients?

A

Bacteria

Parasites

Viruses

Fungi

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2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A major group of microorganisms causing infectious disease

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3
Q

What is the process of gram staining?

A

1) Application of crystal violet (purple dye)
2) Application of iodine (morant)
3) Alcohol wash (decolourisation)
4) Application of safranin (counter stain)

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4
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria appear?

A

Purple

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5
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria appear?

A

Pink

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6
Q

What does gram staining do?

A

Provide early indication of the genus of bacteria

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7
Q

What are advantages of gram staining?

A

Quick, simple and inexpensive way to classify bacteria

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8
Q

What does knowing the classification of bacteria allow?

A

Targeted treatment as different classes of antibiotics are effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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9
Q

What are the main classes of gram positive bacteria?

A

Aerobic
Cocci
Chains - streptococci and enterococci
Alpha, beta or non haemolytic
Clusters - staphylococci
Coagulase negative or positive
Bacalli - small and large

Anaerobic
Cocci
Bacalli

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10
Q

What is cocci bacteria?

A

Bacteria with a spherical shape

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11
Q

What is bacalli bacteria?

A

Bacteria with a rod shape

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12
Q

What are the two classes of staphylococci (aerobic cocci clusters)?

A

Coagulase positive

Coagulase negative

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13
Q

What is coagulase?

A

An enzyme that convers fibrinogen into fibrin which causes blood clotting

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14
Q

What is used to determine whether bacteria is coagulase positive or negative?

A

Coagulase test

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15
Q

What is an example of coagulase positive staphylococci and what can it cause?

A

Staphylococci aureus which can cause:

MRSA

MSSA

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16
Q

What is staphylococcus commonly resistant to and why?

A

Penicillin due to production of penicillinase

17
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin resistant staph aureus

18
Q

Where is staphylococci a commensal?

A

In the nose, axilla and perineum

19
Q

What are examples of coagulase negative staphylococci?

A

Staphylococci epidermis

Staphylococci haemolyticus

Staphylococci saprophyticus

Staphylococci lugdenensis

20
Q

What are coagulase negative staphylococci commonly?

A

Skin commensals

21
Q

When can coagulase negative staphylococci cause problems?

A

In the presence of foreign objects such as prosthetic heart valves

22
Q

What classes of bacteria are there in terms of how they degrade blood?

A

Alpha haemolytic (partial haemolysis)

Beta haemolytic (complete haemolysis)

Non-haemolytic

23
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Rupture or destruction of red blood cells

24
Q

What are examples of alpha haemolytic streptococci and what do they cause?

A

Streptococci pneumoniae which causes:
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Septicaemia

Viridans streptococci which causes:
Infective endocarditis (infection of heart valves)
25
Q

What does streptococci pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia

Mengingitis

Septicaemia

26
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Infection of heart valves

27
Q

How can beta haemolytic streptococci further be identified?

A

By carbohydrate surface antigens ranging from A to G

28
Q

What are the clinical important groups of beta haemolytic bacteria?

A

Groups A, B, D and F

29
Q

What is an examples of group A beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes which causes:

Pharyngitis

Cellulitis

Necrotising fasciltis

30
Q

What is an example of a group B beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?

A

Streptococci agalactiae which causes:

Neonatal sepsis (meningitis/bacteraemia)

Invasive infections

31
Q

What is an example of a group D beta haemolytic streptococci and what does it cause?

A

Streptococci enterococcus faecalis which causes:

Urinary tract infection

Infective endocarditis

32
Q

What are some examples of aerobic gram positve bacteria?

A

Clostridium genus:

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium tetani

33
Q

Where is clostridium difficile cause found and what does it cause?

A

In the gut and it causes diarrhoea

34
Q

What is clostridium difficile spread by?

A

Pores

35
Q

Where is clostridium perfringens found and what can it cause?

A

Found in soil and a normal commensal in gut faeces, if it infects wounds it can cause gas gangrene

36
Q

What does clostridium cause?

A

Toxin produced causes tetanus

37
Q

What are examples of biological spore warfare?

A

Clostridium botulnum (source of botox)

Basillus anthracis (cause of anthrax)

38
Q

What is colonisation?

A

Germs being in the body buyt not making you sick

39
Q

What is infection?

A

Germs are in the body and making you sick

ME2019 PART 2 (45 decks)

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