Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ME2019 PART 2 > Tumour Pathology 5 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is carcinogenesis due to?

A

Geographic and environment factors

Age

Heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 categories of normal genes that can be disrupted and cause cancer?

A

Tumour suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)

Proto-oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Normal growth inhibitor genes that regulate:

Mitosis (Rb)

Apoptosis (p53)

DNA repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are anti-oncogenes also known as?

A

Tumour suppressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does p53 regulate?

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a key event in tumour formation?

A

Uncontrolled proliferation, due to cell cycle dysfunction, due to loss of tumour suppressor gene function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are other mutations that can directly impact the performance of pRb?

A

CKD4

Cyclin D

CDKIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does absent or inactive pRb do?

A

Releases the brake on the cell cycle, causing cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of retinoblastomas?

A

Sporadic

Inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of inherited predispositions to cancer?

A

Familial retinoblastoma

Familial adenomatous polyposis of colon

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Neurofibromatosis

Van Hippel-Lindou Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some known inherited mutations of anti-oncogenes?

A

APC

p53

Rb

p16

BRCA1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does an inherited mutation of APC cause?

A

FAP colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does an inherited mutation of Rb cause?

A

Retinoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does an inherited mutation of p16 cause?

A

Malignant melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an inherited mutation of BRCA1/2 cause?

A

Breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of APC?

A

Signal transduction

17
Q

What is the function of p16?

A

Cell cycle/apoptosis after DNA damage

18
Q

What is the function of Rb?

A

Cell cycle regulation

19
Q

What is the function of p16?

A

Inhibits CDKs

20
Q

What is the function of BRCA1/2?

A

DNA repair

21
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Normal genes coding for normal proteins that regulate growth

22
Q

What are some functions of proto-oncogenes?

A

Growth factors

Growth factor receptors

Signal transduction

23
Q

What are oncogenes derived from?

A

Proto-oncogenes

24
Q

What are oncogenes activated by?

A

Alteration of proto-oncogene structure

Dysregulation of proto-oncogene expression

25
Q

What can cause an alteration of proto-oncogene structure?

A

Point mutation

Chromosome rearrangements and translocation

26
Q

What do oncogenes generate?

A

Active oncogene products

27
Q

What are active oncogene products?

A

Growth factors

Growth factor receptors

Proteins involved in signal transduction

Nuclear regulatory proteins

Cell cycle regulators

28
Q

How many copies of an oncogene do you need to cause cause?

A

Only one, not two

29
Q

What is the process of viral carcinogenesis?

A

1) Virus inserts genome near a host proto-oncogene
2) Viral promoter or other transcription regulation element cause proto-oncogene overexpression

30
Q

What is the relationship between reteroviruses and carcinogenesis?

A

Reteroviruses insert an oncogene into host DNA causing cell division

31
Q

What are some viruses that are known to cause cancer?

A

HPV

Hepatisis B

EBV

32
Q

What cancer does HPV cause?

A

Cervical cancer

33
Q

What cancer does Hepatitis B cause?

A

Liver

34
Q

What cancer does EBV cause?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

35
Q

What is the process of chemical carcinogenesis?

A

1) Chemicals react with DNA to form covalently binded products known as DNA adducts
2) Leads to activation of oncogenes and suppression of tumour suppressor genes

36
Q

What is formed when chemicals bind to DNA in chemical carcinogenesis?

A

DNA adducts

37
Q

How many steps are necessary for carcinogenesis?

A

More than one step, a series of mutations is required

38
Q

How does the number of mutations change as time goes on?

A

Mutations accumulate

ME2019 PART 2 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions