Chapter 20_Grammar

Question 1

What tenses do the Latin participle appear in?

Answer 1

present, future, perfect

Question 2

What is the fourth principal part that you have been memorizing for almost every verb?

Answer 2

Perfect Passive Participle

Question 3

How do you form a Perfect Passive Participle?

Answer 3

Participial Stem from 4th principal part + -us, -a, um endings

Question 4

How does the Perfect Passive Participle decline?

Answer 4

Just like the first and second declension adjectives

Question 5

What is the perfect passive participle paradigm for āctus, -a, -um in the singular?

Answer 5

āctus     ācta      āctum
āctī        āctae    āctī
āctō       āctae    āctō
āctum    āctam   āctum
āctō       āctā       āctō
ācte       ācta       āctum

Question 6

What is the perfect passive participle paradigm for āctus, -a, -um in the plural?

Answer 6

āctī            āctae        ācta
āctōrum    āctārum    āctōrum
āctīs           āctīs          āctīs
āctōs        āctās           ācta
āctīs           āctīs          āctīs
āctī           āctae          ācta

Question 7

The perfect participle demonstrates action that has happened when?

Answer 7

before that of the main verb

Question 8

How should you typically translate the perfect passive participle?

Answer 8

1. ”—ed” or (example: Uxor amāta… “The loved wife…”)

2. “having been —ed” (example: Currus āctus… “The chariot, having been driven…”)

Question 9

How will you often want to translate a participial phrase?

Answer 9

As a dependent clause
(Example: Liber scriptus prōferētur. 1. A book that has been written will be brought forth. 2. A written book will be brought forth. 3. A book having been written will be brought forth.)

Question 10

What is the ablative absolute

Answer 10

1. Frequently occurring

2. Noun/pronoun + participle (both in the ablative)

Question 11

How do you translate the perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute?

Answer 11

1. Translate as a time prior to the main verb

2. You can use “when,” “since,” “ and “although” to begin the clause

Question 12

How do you translate the perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute, when the main verb is a past tense?

Answer 12

1. “had been —ed”

Question 13

How do you translate the perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute, when the main verb is a future tense?

Answer 13

1. “has been —ed”

Question 14

When the ablative absolute appears with a present active participle, what is the best way to translate it?

Answer 14

begin with either “with,” or “if”

Question 15

Note: it is easy to get confused with the forms of the participle; memorize the following derivatives from the model verb “agere” to help remember them?

Answer 15

1. agent (present active participle) a person “doing something”
2. actuary (future active participle) a person who computes things “about to happen”
3. act (perfect passive participle) something already “done”
4. agenda (future passive participle) “things to be done”