A and P Chapter 2 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What six natural elements account for 98.5% of our body weight?
A
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous
2
Q
What 6 elements make up .8% ?
A
sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron
3
Q
Trace elements
A
elements that do not account for more than .2% of body weight
4
Q
Minerals
A
inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms
5
Q
Protons
A
a single positive charge
6
Q
Neutrons
A
no charge
7
Q
Electrons
A
tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass, determine chemical properties of an atom
8
Q
Valence Electrons
A
electrons of the outermost shell
9
Q
Isotopes
A
elements with varying neutrons and atomic mass
10
Q
Hydrogen with one nuetron
A
Deuterium
11
Q
Radioisotopes
A
unstable isotopes
12
Q
Radioactivity
A
decay
13
Q
Ionizing Radiation
A
ejecting electrons from atoms, converting them to ions
14
Q
Three Kinds of Ionizing Radiation
A
Alpha, Beta particles, and Gamma rays
15
Q
Physical half life
A
time required for 50% of radioisotope atoms to decay to a more stable state
16
Q
Biological half life
A
time required for half of a radioisotope to disappear from the body
17
Q
Radon
A
gas produced by the decay of uranium in the Earth
18
Q
Ions
A
charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons
19
Q
Anion
A
Particle gains electrons and becomes negative
20
Q
Cation
A
Particle loses an electron and becomes positive
21
Q
Electrolytes
A
substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting solutons
22
Q
Free Radicals
A
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
23
Q
Antioxidant
A
chemical that neutralizes free radicals
24
Q
Molecules
A
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
25
Compounds
molecules composed of two or more elements
26
Isomers
molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of their atoms
27
Molecular Weight
sum of the atomic mass of its atoms
28
Ionic Bond
attraction of a cation to an anion
29
Covalent Bonds
sharing of electrons
30
Hydrogen Bonds
weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen
31
Van der Waals
weak brief attractions between neural atoms
32
Mixture
substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined
33
Water
Atoms joined by covalent bonds and molecules are v-shaped
34
Solvency
ability to dissolve other chemicals
35
Hydrophilic
substances that dissolve in water
36
Hydrophobic
substances that do not dissolve in water
37
Adhesion
tendency of one substance to cling to another
38
Cohesion
tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
39
Surface Film
cohesion of water at surface, forming an elastic layer
40
Surface Tension
force holding surface film together
41
Chemical Reactivity
ability to participate in chemical reactions
42
Thermal Stability
help stabilize internal temp of body
43
Base unit of heat
Calorie (cal)
44
Solution
consists of particles of matter, solute, mixed with solvent
45
Colloids
mixtures of protein and water, albumin in blood plasma
46
Suspension
particle suspension in solute
47
Emulsion
suspension of one liquid in another
48
Molarity
number of moles of solute per liter of solution
49
Acid
proton donor
50
Base
proton acceptor
51
pH
measure derived from the molarity of hydrogen
52
Bloods normal pH range?
7.35-7.45
53
Buffers
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
54
Potential Energy
energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state
55
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion, doing work
56
Chemical Energy
potential energy stored in bonds of molecules
57
Heat
kinetic energy of molecular motion
58
Electromagnetic Energy
kinetic energy of moving "packets" of radiation, photons
59
Chemical Reaction
process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
60
Chemical Equation
symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction
| reactants-->products
61
Decomposition Reactions
large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones
62
Synthesis Reactions
two or more molecules combine to form a larger one
63
Exchange Reactions
two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms
64
Reversible Reactions
reaction that can go in either reaction under different circumstances
65
Law of Mass Action
atoms proceed from reactants with greater quantity to the substances with the lesser quantity
66
Concentration- Reaction Rates
reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated
67
Temperature- Reaction Rates
reaction rate increases as temperature rises
68
Catalysts
substances that temporarily bind to reactants
69
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions in the body
70
Catabolism
energy-releasing decomposition reactions
71
Anabolism
energy storing synthesis reactions
72
Oxidation
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
73
Reduction
chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
74
Dehydration Synthesis
condensation, a hydroxyl group is removed and a hydrogen from another, creating water as a byproduct
75
Hydrolysis
a water molecule ionizes creating a bond
76
Carbohydrate
a hydrophilic organic molecule with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
77
Monosaccharides
simple sugars, glucose, fructose, and galactose
78
Disaccharides
sugars composed of two monosaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and maltose
79
Oligosaccharides
three or more monosaccharides
80
Polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides
81
Glycogen
energy-storage polysaccharide made by the body
82
Starch
energy-storage polysaccharide of plants
83
Cellulose
structural polysaccharide that gives strength to cells walls of plants
84
Lipid
hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
85
Fatty Acid
a chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other end
86
Phospholipids
similar to neutral fats but instead of a fatty acid, they have a phosphate group
87
Steroid
lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings
88
Cholesterol
parent steroid from which others are synthesized
89
Protein
a polymer of amino acids
90
Peptide
any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
91
Peptide Bonds
joining of amino acids by dehydration synthesis
92
Primary Protein Structure
proteins sequence of amino acids
93
Secondary Protein Structure
coiled or folded shape held together by by hydrogen bonds, alpha helix or beta sheet
94
Denaturation
conformational change due to conditions such as extreme heat or pH
95
Protein Functions
structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion
96
Enzymes
proteins that function as biological catalysts
97
Substrate
the substance an enzyme acts upon
98
Activation Energy
energy needed to get a reaction started
99
Cofactor
non-protein partner for human enzmes
100
Coenzymes
organic cofactors usually derived from niacin, riboflavin, and water-soluble vitamins
101
Metabolic Pathway
chain of reactions with each step usually catalyzed by a different enzyme
102
Nucleotides
organic compounds with three principal components: single or double- carbon-nitrogen ring, monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups
103
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, body's most important energy transfer molecule
104
ATPases
adenosine triphosphatases, hydrolyze third phosphate bond
105
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
106
Phosphorylation
addition of an inorganic phosphate group
107
Kinases
carry out phosphorylation
108
Glycolysis
"sugar splitting" makes 2 ATP molecules, split six carbon glucose to two three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
109
Anaerobic Fermentation
pathway to convert excess pyruvic acid into lactic acid
110
Aerobic Respiration
Breaking pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water when oxygen is present, 36 ATP molecules made for each glucose
111
GTP
guanosine triphosphate, in some reactions, donates phosphate groups to other molecules, nucleotide
112
cAMP
cyclic adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide formed by removal of both second and third phosphate groups from ATP
113
Nucleic Acids
polymers of nucleotides, DNA and RNA
