A and P Chapter 4

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

deoxyribosenucleic acid, repository of our genes

Question 2

Nucleotides

Answer 2

consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous base, pyrimidine or purine

Question 3

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

Answer 3

Purines- Adenine and Guanine, Pyrimides- Cytosine and Thymine

Question 4

DNA structure

Answer 4

double helix, backbone- phosphate group, deoxyribose, connections- pairs of nitrogenous bases

Question 5

Complementary Base Pairing

Answer 5

nitrogenous bases paired by hydrogen bonds, purine with pyrimidine

Question 6

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

Answer 6

one strand determines base sequence on the next stand

Question 7

Genes

Answer 7

genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

Question 8

Genome

Answer 8

all genes of one person, 25k to 35k, use only 2% of DNA, other 98% noncoding DNA

Question 9

Chromatin

Answer 9

fine filament of DNA material complexed with proteins

Question 10

Chromosomes

Answer 10

46 long filaments that make up chromatin

Question 11

Histones

Answer 11

a disc-shaped cluster of 8 proteins

Question 12

Nucleosomes

Answer 12

core particle, histones with DNA

Question 13

Sister Chromatids

Answer 13

two parallel filaments of chromosomes produced in the process of cell division

Question 14

Centromere

Answer 14

pinched spot where sister chromatids are joined together

Question 15

Kinetochore

Answer 15

protein plaques on either side of the centromere

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

ribonucleic acid, smaller cousin of DNA

Question 17

Three main forms of RNA

Answer 17

messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA

Question 18

Functions of RNA

Answer 18

interprets DNA, protein synthesis, functions in cytoplasm

Question 19

Genomics

Answer 19

study of whole genome, how it codes, and DNA interaction

Question 20

Codon

Answer 20

3-base sequence in mRNA

Question 21

Stop Codons

Answer 21

signals to stop protein synthesis

Question 22

Start Codon

Answer 22

signals to start protein synthesis

Question 23

mRNA

Answer 23

messenger RNA, mirror image of a gene, code for assembling amino acids

Question 24

Transcription

Answer 24

process of copying genetic instructions of DNA to RNA

Question 25

RNA Polymerase

Answer 25

enzyme that binds to DNA to assemble RNA

Question 26

Translation

Answer 26

converts language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

Question 27

tRNA

Answer 27

transfer RNA, binds to a free amino acid in the cytosol and delivers to ribosome to add to a protein chain

Question 28

polyribosomes

Answer 28

cluster of ribosomes, all translating the same mRNA

Question 29

Chaperone

Answer 29

an older protein that guides the new protein during production

Question 30

Cell Cycle

Answer 30

life cycle that extends from 1 division to the next, G1, S, G2, and M phase

Question 31

G1 Phase

Answer 31

first gap phase, interval between cell division and DNA replication, accumulates material needed to replicate DNA

Question 32

S Phase

Answer 32

synthesis phase, duplicates centrioles, when DNA replication occurs

Question 33

G2 Phase

Answer 33

second gap phase, finishes centriole duplication, repair DNA replication errors

Question 34

M Phase

Answer 34

mitotic phase, cell replicates nucleus, pinches and forms two daughter cells

Question 35

Mitosis

Answer 35

cell division in all cells but egg and sperm

Question 36

4 Phases of Mitosis

Answer 36

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 37

Prophase

Answer 37

chromosomes shorten and ticket into compact rods, line up along midline of cell

Question 38

Metaphase

Answer 38

chromosome align on cell equator, mitotic spindle

Question 39

Anaphase

Answer 39

enzyme cleaves two sister chromatids apart

Question 40

Telophase

Answer 40

chromatids cluster on each sides of cell, rough er creates new nuclear envelope

Question 41

Cytokinesis

Answer 41

division of cytoplasm into 2 cells, myosin pulling on actin, creates cleavage, pinches in two

Question 42

Heredity

Answer 42

transmission of genetic character

Question 43

Karotype

Answer 43

chart of 46 chromosomes, size and features

Question 44

Diploid

Answer 44

cell with 23 chromosomes

Question 45

Haploid

Answer 45

half of chromosomes as somatic cells

Question 46

Locus

Answer 46

location of particular gene on chromosome

Question 47

Alleles

Answer 47

different forms of gene at same locus

Question 48

Genotype

Answer 48

alleles that an individual possesses for particular traits

Question 49

Phenotype

Answer 49

observable traits

Question 50

Gene Pool

Answer 50

collective genetic makeup as a whole

Question 51

Multiple Alleles

Answer 51

more than two alleles form for a trait

Question 52

Codominant

Answer 52

both alleles equally dominant, both phenotypically expressed

Question 53

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 53

phenotype intermediance

Question 54

Pleiotropy

Answer 54

one gene provides multiple phenotypic effects, alkaptonuria

Question 55

Penetrance

Answer 55

percentage of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype