A and P Chapter 3

Question 1

Cytology

Answer 1

scientific study of cells

Question 2

Cell Shapes

Answer 2

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, stellate, speroidal to ovoid, discoid, fusiform, fibrous

Question 3

Micrometer

Answer 3

most useful measurement for cell sizes

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

fluid between nucleus and surface membrane

Question 5

Plasma Membrane

Answer 5

fluid surrounding cell, made of proteins and lipids

Question 6

Cytosol

Answer 6

Intracellular fluid (ICF) clear gel where cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are suspended

Question 7

Extracellular fluid

Answer 7

ECF, all body fluids not contained in cells

Question 8

Transmembrane Proteins

Answer 8

proteins that pass completely through the plasma membrane

Question 9

Peripheral Proteins

Answer 9

do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer but adhere to one face of it, receptors, second messenger systems, enzymes, channel proteins, carriers, cell identity markers

Question 10

Glycocalyx

Answer 10

fuzzy coat on animal cells

Question 11

Microvilli

Answer 11

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase a cell’s surface area

Question 12

Cilia

Answer 12

hairlike processes

Question 13

Falagella

Answer 13

only one fuctional flagellum, tail of sperm

Question 14

Pseudopods

Answer 14

cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape

Question 15

Selectively Permeable

Answer 15

plasma membrane, allos some things through but usually prevents other things

Question 16

Filtration

Answer 16

process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through selective permeable membrane

Question 17

Simple Diffusion

Answer 17

net movement of particles from high concentration to lower concentration

Question 18

Osmosis

Answer 18

net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other

Question 19

Aquaporins

Answer 19

channel proteins specialized for passage of water

Question 20

Reverse Osmosis

Answer 20

process in which a mechanical pressure is applied to one side of membrane and water is forced against its concentration gradient

Question 21

Osmolality

Answer 21

number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water

Question 22

Osmolarity

Answer 22

number of osmoles per liter of solution

Question 23

Tonicity

Answer 23

ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

Question 24

Hypotonic

Answer 24

lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF

Question 25

Hypertonic

Answer 25

higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF

Question 26

Isotonic

Answer 26

concentration of nonpermeating solutes equal to ICF

Question 27

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Answer 27

a solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane, changes shape, and releases it on the other side

Question 28

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

carrier mediated transport of a solute down its concentration gradient

Question 29

Primary Active transport

Answer 29

carrier moves solute against concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP

Question 30

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 30

membrane carrier that removes 3 sodiums, brings 2 potassium ions, and hydrolyzes 1 molecule of ATP

Question 31

Vesicular Transport

Answer 31

moves large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules through the membrane in vesicles

Question 32

Vesicles

Answer 32

bubblelike capsules that pass through membrane

Question 33

Endocytosis

Answer 33

bringing matter into the cell

Question 34

Exocytosis

Answer 34

releasing material from cell

Question 35

Phagocytosis

Answer 35

"cell eating", engulfing materials

Question 36

Pinocytosis

Answer 36

"cell drinking" taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules

Question 37

Cytoskeleton

Answer 37

network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine its shape

Question 38

Microfilaments

Answer 38

made of protein actin, about 6nm thick, form the terminal web

Question 39

Microtubule

Answer 39

cylinder made up of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments

Question 40

Organelles

Answer 40

internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks

Question 41

Nucelus

Answer 41

largest organelle and usually visible with a light microscope

Question 42

Chromatin

Answer 42

fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein found in the nucleus

Question 43

Nucleoli

Answer 43

where ribosomes are produced

Question 44

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 44

system of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a unit membrane

Question 45

Rough ER

Answer 45

cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes, produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane

Question 46

Smooth ER

Answer 46

tubular cisternae, branch extensively, lack ribosomes, cells that detoxify

Question 47

Ribosomes

Answer 47

small granules of protein and RNA, read coded messages and assemble amino acids

Question 48

Golgi Complex

Answer 48

small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis

Question 49

lysosomes

Answer 49

a package of enzymes bounded by a membrane produced by the Golgi complex

Question 50

Peroxisomes

Answer 50

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes are are produced by the ER

Question 51

Mitochondria

Answer 51

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

Question 52

Centriole

Answer 52

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in 9 groups of 3 microtubules each