A Interactions and Ecosystems Flashcards
(565 cards)
1
Q
What do living things have in common? List four needs.
A
- need food
- need suitable habitat
- need water
- need to exchange gases
2
Q
ecologist
A
a scientist who studies interactions in the environment
3
Q
adaptations
A
changes made to fit the surroundings
4
Q
Are adaptations inherited/instinctive or learned?
A
both
5
Q
ecosystem
A
- interactions between living and non-living things in a particular environment
- an area where living things interact with other living and non-living things
6
Q
symbiosis
A
two different species live together and at least one of these species benefits from the relationship
Whenever different living things live closely together where the relationship may benefit one or both living things
There are three types of symbiosis: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism
7
Q
mutualism
A
symbiosis where both species benefit
- goby fish and snapping shrimp (shrimp builds a sand burrow and allows the goby fish to share the burrow. The shrimp is almost blind so it always has a feeler on the goby. The goby warns the shrimp when danger is approaching by a flick of its fins and both retreat into the burrow)
- humans and gut bacteria
- bees and flowers (bees get nectar and pollen, flowers get pollinated so they can reproduce)
- clownfish and anenome
- ants and aphids
- lichen (fungi and algae)
- woolly bat and pitcher plant
8
Q
parasitism
A
symbiosis where one species benefits but the other is harmed
- mosquito bites you to get blood to help give it energy to make eggs and you get an itchy lump
- tick harms dog or cat by feeding on the blood
- hookworm harms human
- aphid harms plant
- cuckoo steals another bird’s nest
- leaches harm humans (though historically they did use leaches for medical treatment, so humans harm leaches)
- humans harm most living things though unless it is alive while being harmed for a long duration, it would usually be a predator-prey relationship
9
Q
commensalism
A
symbiosis where one species benefits while the other is not affected (neither benefits nor is harmed)
- epiphytes get sunlight and nutrients by living on host plant
- birds trail army ants to eat fleeing insects
- orchid on a tree: orchids live by attaching themselves to the branches of a tree so that the orchid can get sunlight while the tree is not harmed nor does the tree get any benefit
- barnacles find food and whale is unnafected
10
Q
natural resources
A
stuff found in nature that people use to meet basic needs
11
Q
How has gathering food in Alberta changed over time?
A
buffalo were hunted, then mixed farms were used (livestock and crops), then feedlots
Essentially none of these methods truly will work when the population of humans is greater.
The amount of people we have on our planet means that we must stop eating animals or dramatically reduce our consumption of them. Eating plants takes less resources and is one of the best things you can do for your environment. This promotes cleaner air since less forests need to be cut down to make the food for the farm animals, and instead humans can directly get their food from primary sources. Energy is lost through consumption of food, so it is best to avoid secondary food sources. There are plenty of ways of eating less meat, and in fact most people who eat less meat have less health problems.
So hopefully in the future we can move away from all three methods outlined above and move to plant-based diets so that everyone can enjoy greater health, cleaner air, and more biodiversity.
12
Q
need vs. want
A
need is essential to survival
want is something that improves quality of life but you would survive without it
13
Q
needs of living things
A
- food (that contains nutrients)
- air (oxygen)
- water (cannot be polluted)
- shelter (appropriate to their environment, a suitable habitat)
14
Q
Is our want more important than the needs of animals?
A
No, if you believe that all beings are worth the same.
If you think that humans are better than all other beings, then maybe you might be a predator.
15
Q
ecology
A
the study of how organisms interact with each other
16
Q
biotic
A
living
biotic factors = living things
17
Q
abiotic
A
non-living
18
Q
habitat
A
the place a biotic thing grows and where it lives
19
Q
adapted
A
well-suited
20
Q
why do organisms adapt?
A
to help them survive
21
Q
host
A
has a parasite that feeds off it
22
Q
Ecosystems have what two components?
A
biotic and abiotic are the two components
ecosystems are about the interactions between these types of components: biotic to biotic, and biotic to abiotic
23
Q
biota
A
noun meaning the biotic (living) community
24
Q
abiotic components (definition)
A
physical environment such as site or habitat
25
six abiotic components
macroclimate
microclimate
physiography
water in soil
air in soil
nutrients in soil
26
macroclimate
general climate of a large area such as the climate of a continent or large county
27
microclimate
small local region having a unique pattern of weather effects from the local climate
28
physiography
physical geography: the study of physical features of the Earth's surface
- the form of land and parent material
29
edaphic
of or relating to the soil
30
edaphic factor of water
how much water is in the soil
31
edaphic factor of air
how much air is in the soil (like oxygen, nitrogen)
32
edaphic factor of nutrients
how many and what type of nutrients are in the soil
33
niche
role of an organism within an ecosystem
the thing or organism is known for in terms of what it eats, where it lives, and how it interacts
34
What are the three main things you must study to determine an organism's niche?
- what it eats
- where it lives
- how it interacts
35
Can an organism have more than one niche?
yes
36
What are the components of a niche?
- producers
- consumers
- decomposers
- living environment
- interactions between all three
37
What are the three types of consumers?
- herbivores
- carnivores
- omnivores
38
What are herbivores?
- eat only producers, never eat consumers, or mainly eat plants
(eat plants)
- moose, elephants, grasshoppers, humans (some of them)
39
What are carnivores?
- eat other consumers, never eat producers or very rarely eat producers
(a predator eats prey; they may do the killing or steal from another animal that kills the prey for them)
- cats, hyenas, seals, praying mantises can be examples of this though some species will be known to eat a greater quantity of plants and thus would not be seen as a carnivore if they in particular eat mainly plants
- there is increasing research into lab-made food where animals who need nutrients from other animals are now able to get those same nutrients without needing to catch their own prey
40
What are omnivores?
- eat both producers and consumers
(the balance can vary, but if they currently eat any consumers purposefully, they are in this catergory rather than the herbivore category)
41
What is the Standard American Diet
- eating refined and processed foods (usually about 2/3 of the diet)
- eating consumers about 1/4 of the time
- eating plants about 1/10 of the time
42
Is a person following the Standard American Diet a herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore?
omnivore
43
What is the carnivore diet?
- eating only consumers, like a carnivore
- high in saturated fat and cholesterol
- leads to many health problems in humans such as increased risk of heart disease
44
What is a plant-based diet?
- eating only producers, like a herbivore
- can include a variety of sub-diets, some of which are restrictive and others which are not (for example, some people will try to limit oil, but oil is plant based and is allowed in the general plant-eating only people)
- people who follow a plant-based diet have healthy amounts of cholesterol in their blood tests given that they have been following it for some time
- lowers risk of some cancers, diabetes, and heart disease
45
What is a healthy diet?
A diet that gives you adequate nutrition in order to have your body function correctly over the short and long-term.
A diet that does not introduce or limits the introduction of elements that are known to cause health problems.
To determine if a diet is healthy we must look at quantity eaten (not too little, not too much) and have nutrient dense foods so that adequate nutrients are available.
46
Are humans producers or consumers?
consumers
47
Are humans herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores?
Most humans have chosen to be omnivores, and can survive this way. There is increased research showing that humans in prehistoric times were eating mostly plants, but now and again may have a small animal because that was what was available. This makes them omnivores, but closer to herbivore than carnivore.
Humans are best suited to eating plants if you look at their jaw hinge and other factors. The jaw is designed similar to herbivores where it can move side to side.
48
What is a predator?
- living organism that eats prey (animals lower on the food chain)
49
What is prey
- living organism that gets eaten by a predator
50
What is a food chain?
- model that shows how energy stored in food passes from organism to organism
51
What is energy flow?
- movement of energy from the sun, through each organism in the food chain
52
Is energy lost when it passes from one organism to the next?
Yes, energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat
53
How can we ensure that we efficiently get the most energy possible?
- eat products that are in shorter food chains so that less energy from the sun is going into producing huge food chains
54
How many organisms are usually in a food chain?
The minimum is two, but three is more common since the food chain will start with a producer, then at least one consumer, then a decomposer. There are food chains with just a producer and a decomposer.
When humans eat animals they force the food chain to include two consumers, which makes the food chain at least four organisms long: producer, consumer, consumer, decomposer
55
What is a food web?
- combination of food chains usually showing the ecosystem, but could exclude a few organisms for simplicity
56
What is a food pyramid?
Shows the number of organisms consumed at each successive level of the pyramid
57
What is a primary consumer?
a herbivore
58
What is a secondary consumer?
an organism that eats herbivores
59
What is a tertiary consumer?
An organism that eats omnivores or carnivores
60
What is biomass?
Total mass of the biotic organisms in an ecosystem
61
The higher you go up the food pyramid, what happens to biomass?
The biomass decreases since energy is lost to the surroundings
62
What are decomposers?
Organisms that grow on or in the dead or waste matter, absorbing nutrients that can be later used by plants to grow
Examples include bacteria, fungi, and worms such as red wigglers (the worms used in indoor composting)
63
What are scavengers?
Organisms that feed on dead or decaying plant or animal matter such as magpies and wolverines
64
What are some major cycles that happen on Earth?
- carbon cycle
- water cycle
- nitrogren cycle
65
Make sure you can label diagrams of the carbon cycle and water cycle as given to you in class
answers vary
water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation
carbon cycle: carbon dioxide, oxygen (photosynthesis and cellular respiration, also carbon dioxide released from industrial activities)
66
How does pollution occur?
When substances are added to the environment that cannot be broken down quickly enough to return back to a non-damaging form
67
What are pollutants?
substances that cause pollution such as:
- sulfer, and nitrogen at high levels in the air mixing with water to cause acid rain
- carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels
68
bioaccumulation
pollutants accumulate as they are passed up the food chain, so the longer the food chain, the more pollutants are in that top organism.
- mercury in fish is an example
69
species
- living things of the same species are able to reproduce and have young that are also able to reproduce
70
population
a number of individuals from the same species living together in the same area
71
community
- all the populations of different species that live and interact in the same place
72
What do all living things need?
- water
- food / nutrients
- energy
- oxygen
- suitable living conditions
73
adaptation
how organisms respond to their environment
74
consumer
any organism that has to seek out and eat or consume other living things for food
all animals are consumers
com + sub + emere + er
Intensive prefix + under + take/buy + noun marking agent
75
What is photosynthesis?
light energy + carbon dioxide + water --> sugars and starches + oxygen
converts the sun's energy into chemical energy in plants and stores it in the form of sugars and starches
your body can use this stored energy when you eat plants
people who choose to eat animals can get some of this energy too but it is not an efficent process since the energy has to go through the animal first and some energy is lost to heat and work to move the animal
76
What is cellular respiration?
sugars and starches + oxygen --> energy + carbon dioxide + water
Nearly all living things need oxygen to release the energy that is stored in their food
This is a chemical reaction that occurs within the cells of all living things
77
Some decomposers can be very helpful. How is baker's yeast helpful?
Bakers yeast feeds on sugars and in the process gives off carbon dioxide that allows pastries to rise.
78
How is Escherichia coli (E. coli) helpful?
This bacteria is found in your large intestine and breaks down the food you eat for their own food. In the process they make several vitamins that your body needs to stay healthy.
79
How is E. coli bacteria 0157:H7 harmful?
A form of E. coli found usually in cows and their milk (but can be found in food products such as apple juice) that release toxic chemicals when they break down food causing food poisoning.
80
bioinvasion
species introduction where the introduced species is usually stronger than the native plants with no natural enemies so they take over and stop other native species from thriving
81
competition
living things compete for food, water, and space to live
resources are scarce so competition occurs
82
pioneer species
the first species that arrive
83
succession
predictable pattern of change in ecosystems
84
primary succession
occurs in areas where no life exists due to an absese of soil
85
climax community
a stable community of a diverse number of species that is not easily replaced by other communities
86
secondary succession
When a community has been destroyed or disturbed by natural occurrences or human activities, secondary succession is what happens to fix this disturbance.
These habitats previously supported life.
The difference between this and primary succession is that there is soil on the ground in secondary succession.
87
extinct
a species no longer exists anywhere on Earth
88
endangered
organisms that are so rare that they are in serious danger of becoming extinct
89
threatened species
species whose numbers are declining
90
ecological footprint
looks at the food, housing, transportation, consumer goods, and all the services we use every day to calculate how much energy, materials, and land we need
91
How can you lower your ecological footprint?
Reducing the amount of water, energy, and materials we consume and recycling the waste we produce
This can be done by eating more plants and less meat, since meat production takes a lot of water and energy.
This can also be done by reducing transportation needs.
Perhaps you could walk or bike more to help your health at the same time as helping the environment.
92
What is an ecosystem?
An area where living things interact with other living and non-living things.
System = a collection
Eco = as in ecology
93
What commonality do a wolf, a rabbit, and a human have in a winter camping trip scenario?
They are all part of an ecosystem.
94
What will you learn about in this unit regarding living things?
How all living things are related and depend on each other.
95
What aspects of ecosystems will be covered in this unit?
How ecosystems work and are maintained, and why that is important for the well-being of Earth.
96
What impact can human actions have on Earth?
Both positive and negative ways.
97
What was created in Alberta thanks to the efforts of concerned organizations and individuals concerning an ecosystem?
A new wetland at Frank Lake.
98
Fill in the blank: An ecosystem includes interactions between _______ and _______ things.
[living] and [non-living]
99
True or False: Ecosystems only consist of living things.
False
100
What is Frank Lake?
A wetland created just east of High River, Alberta
101
Who is responsible for the creation of Frank Lake?
Ducks Unlimited, a national non-profit conservation organization
102
What transformation did Frank Lake undergo?
It changed from a shallow lake that disappeared in dry summers to a wetland with year-round water
103
What is the primary focus of Ducks Unlimited?
To restore, improve, and preserve habitats critical for ducks and migrating waterfowl
104
What percentage of ducks surveyed in North America during spring are found in Alberta?
20%
105
Why is Frank Lake an important location for birds?
It serves as a stopover spot and breeding ground for ducks, geese, and shorebirds
106
What human actions were needed to make Frank Lake a wetland?
Finding a source of water through a partnership with a local meat-packing plant
107
How is water sourced for Frank Lake?
Wastewater from the meat-packing plant is treated and piped from High River to Frank Lake
108
What is continuously monitored at Frank Lake?
Water levels and water quality
109
What happens to water input during dry, hot years at Frank Lake?
More water can be piped into the lake
110
What happens to water input during wet periods at Frank Lake?
Less water is required
111
What provides a habitat for amphibians, fish, and plants in southwestern Alberta?
Frank Lake
## Footnote
Frank Lake also supports rare birds like the peregrine falcon and trumpeter swan.
112
Which rare birds are mentioned as inhabiting Frank Lake?
* Peregrine falcon
* Trumpeter swan
## Footnote
These species are part of the rich biodiversity supported by the lake.
113
What additional purpose does Frank Lake serve for local farmers?
Grazing area for cattle
## Footnote
Local farmers utilize the land around the lake for grazing their cattle.
114
Who is Jerry Brunen?
An area manager for Ducks Unlimited
## Footnote
He provides insights on the importance of Frank Lake.
115
What is the significance of Frank Lake according to Jerry Brunen?
It is the most important wetland in southwestern Alberta.
## Footnote
This highlights the ecological value of the lake.
116
True or False: Frank Lake is a dry habitat that does not support wildlife.
False
## Footnote
Frank Lake provides a rich habitat for various species.
117
Fill in the blank: Frank Lake provides a rich wildlife viewing area for _______.
local naturalists
## Footnote
This aspect emphasizes the recreational and educational value of the lake.
118
What is an ecosystem?
Any place on Earth where living things interact with other living and non-living things.
119
What are biotic factors?
The living things that are part of an ecosystem.
120
What are abiotic factors?
The non-living things that are part of an ecosystem.
121
What does the prefix 'bio-' in biotic refer to?
Life.
122
What does the prefix 'a-' in abiotic mean?
Not.
123
Can ecosystems vary in size? True or False?
True.
124
Give an example of a large ecosystem.
Ocean or desert.
125
Give an example of a small ecosystem.
Puddle or rotting log.
126
What is necessary for making informed decisions about environmental issues?
Scientific knowledge and exploration.
127
Fill in the blank: The environment is composed of a wide variety of _______ and non-living things.
living.
128
What sensations might you experience in a natural setting?
Variety of plants, animals, smells, and sounds.
129
What are biotic factors?
Living things in an ecosystem
## Footnote
Examples include plants, animals, and microorganisms.
130
What are abiotic factors?
Non-living components of an ecosystem
## Footnote
Examples include water, air, soil, and temperature.
131
List three examples of biotic factors found in a schoolyard.
* plants
* animals
* microorganisms
132
List three examples of abiotic factors found in a schoolyard.
* water
* air
* soil
133
Fill in the blank: All biotic factors need ______.
[water]
134
Fill in the blank: Vines use the gate to grow ______.
[up]
135
True or False: All biotic factors require air to survive.
True
136
What role does water play for biotic factors?
It is essential for their survival.
137
Describe the interaction between vines and the metal gate.
Vines use the gate to grow up.
138
What is the relationship between bluejays and their nests?
Bluejays live in nests.
139
How do spiders utilize their webs?
Spiders live in webs.
140
Identify one living factor and one non-living factor in a schoolyard.
* Living factor: students
* Non-living factor: stone steps
141
What should you consider when analyzing interactions in your schoolyard?
The relationships between abiotic and biotic factors.
142
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is the area where all the living and non-living things within a community interact.
## Footnote
Ecosystems consist of various species and their physical environment.
143
Define a population in ecological terms.
A population is a group of individuals from the same species living together in the same area.
## Footnote
Populations can vary in size and density.
144
What is a community in ecology?
A community is formed by all the populations of different species that live and interact in the same place.
## Footnote
Communities can include plants, animals, and microorganisms.
145
How do individuals of the same species typically reproduce?
Living things of the same species reproduce and have young that are also able to reproduce.
## Footnote
The young usually resemble their parents.
146
What is the relationship between species and populations?
Individuals of the same species form a population, while multiple populations of different species create a community.
## Footnote
Each population interacts with other populations in the community.
147
Fill in the blank: A group of individuals from the same species living together is called a _______.
population
148
Fill in the blank: All the populations of various living things that live together in an area form a _______.
community
149
True or False: Ecosystems only include living things.
False
## Footnote
Ecosystems include both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.
150
Give an example of a species mentioned in the content.
Picea glauca
## Footnote
This is a species of tree referenced in the text.
151
What can be inferred about populations of the same species in different areas?
They form separate populations.
## Footnote
This highlights the concept of geographical distribution of species.
152
What role do young individuals play in a population?
They are able to reproduce, continuing the species' existence.
## Footnote
This is crucial for the survival and genetic diversity of the species.
153
What do living things need in order to survive?
Living things need water, food, and energy
## Footnote
An ecosystem must meet the needs of the living things that are present in it.
154
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?
About three-quarters
## Footnote
Water is essential for life and makes up the majority of all living things.
155
What is the water composition of the human body?
About two-thirds
## Footnote
Water is crucial for survival and is a major component of living organisms.
156
What is the water content of a head of lettuce?
About nine-tenths or more
## Footnote
This illustrates the importance of water in plant life.
157
What do living things need food for?
For the nutrients it provides
## Footnote
Nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
158
List the types of nutrients needed for survival.
* Carbohydrates
* Fats
* Proteins
* Vitamins
* Minerals
## Footnote
These substances supply energy and materials for growth and repair.
159
What is the role of energy in living organisms?
Energy is needed for movement, growth, digestion, and organ function
## Footnote
Energy is essential for all bodily functions, even at rest.
160
True or False: You need energy even when you're sitting still.
True
## Footnote
Energy is required for basic bodily functions like heartbeat and respiration.
161
Fill in the blank: Life cannot exist without _______.
water
## Footnote
Water is a fundamental requirement for all living organisms.
162
Where do living things get the energy they need to survive?
From food
## Footnote
The source of energy varies among different organisms.
163
What do chemical reactions in your body use to break down food?
Oxygen
## Footnote
These reactions provide energy for survival.
164
Which living things need oxygen to survive?
Animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria
## Footnote
With only a few exceptions, all living things require oxygen.
165
Where do living things in water get their oxygen?
From the water
## Footnote
Aquatic organisms often extract dissolved oxygen from water.
166
What temperatures can certain kinds of microscopic bacteria and algae thrive in?
Up to 85°C
## Footnote
These organisms can survive in extreme environments such as hot springs.
167
What is the lowest temperature at which some life exists?
-90°C
## Footnote
This temperature is found in places like the Antarctic.
168
What kind of conditions do most living things prefer?
Moderate range of temperatures
## Footnote
Most organisms thrive in more stable environments.
169
What do living things often build to provide safety and comfort?
Shelters
## Footnote
Different species construct various types of shelters to protect themselves.
170
What kinds of shelters do people build?
Houses, apartments, tents, cabins
## Footnote
Human shelters vary greatly based on environment and culture.
171
What kinds of shelters do other animals build?
Nests, burrows, dens, hives
## Footnote
Animals create shelters suited to their habitat and needs.
172
True or False: All living things can survive in extreme conditions.
False
## Footnote
While some can, most prefer moderate conditions.
173
What must an ecosystem do for the organisms living in it?
An ecosystem must meet the needs of the organisms living in it.
174
What are basic needs for survival?
Basic needs for survival include essentials such as food, water, shelter, and air.
175
Illustrate how basic needs for survival are met in your own life
Create a labelled picture showing how your basic needs are fulfilled.
176
Identify three things in your life that you could do without and still meet your basic needs.
Examples include:
* Luxury items
* Certain electronic devices
* Non-essential clothing.
177
True or False: An ecosystem does not need to meet the needs of its organisms.
False
178
What are dust mites known to eat?
Dust from hair, flakes of skin, and clothes
## Footnote
Dust mites live in bedrooms and feed on organic matter.
179
Give an example of a symbiotic relationship involving clown fish.
Clown fish live unharmed among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones
## Footnote
This provides protection from predators for the clown fish.
180
What is the significance of interactions among living things?
Interactions are important for the survival of most organisms
## Footnote
They facilitate essential processes in ecosystems.
181
What is symbiosis?
A relationship where different living things live closely together, benefiting one or both
## Footnote
Symbiotic relationships can take various forms.
182
List the three major types of symbiotic relationships.
* Commensalism
* Mutualism
* Parasitism
## Footnote
Each type of relationship has different impacts on the species involved.
183
What characterizes commensalism?
One species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed
## Footnote
Example: Orchids benefit from trees without affecting them.
184
How do certain plants benefit from fungi?
Some plants grow best in soil with a particular type of fungus
## Footnote
The fungus may enhance nutrient absorption for the plants.
185
What do birds do in their symbiotic relationship with cattle?
Birds eat insects off the backs of cattle
## Footnote
Cattle stir up more insects, providing an easy food source for the birds.
186
Fill in the blank: Symbiosis can benefit _______ or both species involved.
one
## Footnote
In some cases, both species may gain advantages.
187
True or False: In parasitism, one species benefits at the expense of the other.
True
## Footnote
Parasitism is a harmful relationship for one of the species involved.
188
What is mutualism?
A relationship in which both species in the relationship benefit.
## Footnote
Example: The relationship between goby fish and snapping shrimp.
189
Provide an example of mutualism.
The relationship between the goby fish and snapping shrimp.
## Footnote
The shrimp builds a sand burrow and allows the goby fish to share it.
190
How does the goby fish help the snapping shrimp?
By warning the shrimp of danger with a flick of its fins.
## Footnote
The shrimp is almost blind and relies on the goby for alerts.
191
What is parasitism?
A relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is harmed.
## Footnote
An example is a mosquito biting a human.
192
What happens to a human during parasitism by a mosquito?
The mosquito sucks blood to make its eggs, leaving an itchy lump.
## Footnote
This illustrates the harmful effect of parasitism.
193
Fill in the blank: In mutualism, both species _______.
benefit
194
Fill in the blank: In parasitism, one species benefits while the other is _______.
harmed
195
What is adaptation in the context of living organisms?
Adaptation is how organisms respond to their environment
196
What determines which species will survive and produce offspring?
Only those species that are best suited to their environment will survive and produce offspring
197
What happens to the successful characteristics in a population over generations?
Successful characteristics will be more common in the population over time
198
How do organisms change their behavior and physical characteristics?
Changes occur to make them better adapted to their environment
199
Can living things choose how they will change?
No, living things cannot choose how they will change
200
What is the role of offspring in the process of adaptation?
Offspring that inherit successful characteristics continue to reproduce
201
Fill in the blank: Only those species that are best suited to their _______ will survive and produce offspring.
[environment]
202
True or False: Living things decide to develop characteristics that will allow them to live successfully in their environment.
False
203
What are some adaptations of the great blue heron mentioned in the text?
Sharp beak, long neck, long legs
204
What is the relationship between adaptation and the challenges of the environment?
Living things have changed in many ways to meet the challenges of their environment
205
What has caused the death of more than 100,000 toads each year in England?
Cars travelling on the highways
## Footnote
This significant number highlights the impact of roadways on wildlife.
206
What solution has been implemented to protect toads in England?
Special toad tunnels built under the roads
## Footnote
These tunnels allow safe passage for toads across busy highways.
207
How many toads can the tunnels in England accommodate per hour?
About 200 toads per hour
## Footnote
This capacity is designed to help mitigate toad mortality rates.
208
What is one example of a human impact on ecosystems mentioned in the text?
Declining beaver population in Yoho National Park
## Footnote
This case illustrates unintended consequences of human interventions.
209
What change in fire management practices occurred in Yoho National Park?
Fires are almost non-existent now due to efficient fire-monitoring and firefighting teams
## Footnote
This shift was intended to protect wildlife and the park.
210
What was the effect of reduced forest fires on tree growth in Yoho National Park?
Trees in the park have grown larger
## Footnote
The absence of fires allows for unchecked growth, affecting other species.
211
Why is the young aspen tree significant for the beaver population?
It is the preferred food and shelter for beavers
## Footnote
The decline in light due to larger trees limits aspen growth.
212
What unintended consequence resulted from the decision to put out all fires in Yoho National Park?
The beaver population has declined due to lack of food and shelter
## Footnote
This highlights the complexity of ecosystem management.
213
True or False: The beaver population in Yoho National Park is currently higher than it was 100 years ago.
False
## Footnote
The population is significantly lower than it was a century ago.
214
What is the primary impact of humans on ecosystems?
Humans have a bigger impact on ecosystems than any other living things.
215
What unique ability do humans have compared to other species regarding ecosystems?
No other species inhabits as many different ecosystems.
216
How does technology influence waste production?
Technology has affected the amount and type of waste we produce.
217
What type of waste material was historically produced by humans?
Long ago, all waste material could be broken down to be returned to the environment.
218
What materials do we use today that cannot be broken down?
Materials like plastic.
219
What were garbage disposal methods in the past?
Garbage was commonly poured into large pits called 'dumps.'
220
What are some characteristics of dumps?
* Smelly
* Unattractive
* Sometimes catch fire
* Pollute the air with smoke
221
What environmental risks are associated with dumps?
Rainwater often washes dangerous chemicals and disease-causing bacteria from the dumps into local water systems.
222
What questions should be considered regarding waste products?
How have our needs and wants affected the types of garbage we produce? What has been done to clean up our act?
223
Fill in the blank: As long as there have been people on the planet, they have produced _______.
[waste material]
224
What are some methods we use to clean up waste?
Recycling, composting, incinerating, household hazardous waste operations, and sanitary landfills.
225
What materials are typically handled in recycling?
Paper products, clear glass bottles, metal cans, aluminum foil containers, and some plastics.
226
Describe the process of recycling.
Materials are separated, sorted, crushed, compacted, and then bundled for transport to various industries for reprocessing.
227
How are wastes managed in sanitary landfills?
Wastes are spread across the ground and compacted into layers 0.5 m thick, covered with soil to reduce odours and discourage animals.
228
What is the primary difference between landfills and sanitary landfills?
Sanitary landfills are designed not to leak, while regular landfills can leak.
229
What features are included in the design of a sanitary landfill to prevent leakage?
A clay liner and a system of pipes.
230
What types of waste do both landfills and sanitary landfills handle?
Solid wastes from municipal, residential, and industrial sources.
231
True or False: Sanitary landfills are less environmentally friendly than regular landfills.
False
232
Fill in the blank: Sanitary landfills are a more _______ way of dealing with our garbage problem.
environmentally friendly
233
What is a recommended activity for learning about waste management in your community?
Find out how your community deals with household waste and what happens to it.
234
What is the common-language meaning of the word consumer?
A person who buys and uses goods and services produced by companies or other people.
235
In scientific terms, what is a consumer?
Any organism that has to seek out and eat other living things for food.
236
Are humans considered consumers?
Yes.
237
What are carnivores?
Animals that consume mainly animal food, such as cats, hyenas, seals, and praying mantises.
238
What are herbivores?
Animals that consume mainly plants and plant-like living things, such as moose, elephants, and grasshoppers.
239
What are omnivores?
Animals that consume both other animals and plants, such as humans, bears, and raccoons.
240
What role do plants play in ecosystems?
Plants and plant-like living things are vital because they can nourish themselves.
241
What are producers?
Organisms that can make their own food to supply the matter and energy they need to survive.
242
Fill in the blank: All animals are _______.
food consumers.
243
True or False: All animals are classified as either herbivores or carnivores.
False.
244
What do food consumers depend on for their survival?
Food producers.
245
Give an example of a carnivore.
Cat, hyena, seal, or praying mantis.
246
Give an example of an herbivore.
Moose, elephant, or grasshopper.
247
Give an example of an omnivore.
Human, bear, or raccoon.
248
What do animals need to survive?
Matter and energy.
249
Why can't animals make their own food?
They must find food to eat.
250
What are the two raw materials that plants need for photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide
## Footnote
Water comes from the soil and carbon dioxide comes from the air.
251
What is the energy source that plants use to make their food?
The sun
## Footnote
Plants absorb the sun's energy through their leaves.
252
What are the two products of photosynthesis?
Food (sugars and starches) and oxygen
## Footnote
The food produced allows the plant to grow, and oxygen is released back into the air.
253
What is the process by which plants make their food?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process involves rearranging the particles of water and carbon dioxide using sun's energy.
254
Fill in the blank: The leaves take in _______ from the air.
carbon dioxide
255
Fill in the blank: The roots take in water and _______.
minerals
256
What is produced by the leaves during photosynthesis?
Food for the plant and oxygen
## Footnote
The leaves produce food for the plant and give off oxygen to the air.
257
True or False: Only land-based ecosystems rely on producers.
False
## Footnote
Both land-based and water-based ecosystems rely on producers.
258
List the steps involved in the process of photosynthesis.
* The roots take in water and minerals
* The leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air
* The leaves absorb the sun's light energy
* The leaves produce food for the plant and give off oxygen to the air
259
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
light + carbon dioxide + water → food (sugars and starches) + oxygen
260
Why is photosynthesis important for life?
It converts the sun's energy into chemical energy stored in plants as sugars and starches and provides oxygen.
261
What role does photosynthesis play in ecosystems?
It allows other living things to use the sun's energy by producing food and oxygen.
262
What term do scientists use to describe plants and plant-like living things?
Producers
263
What do both animals and plants need to survive?
Food and oxygen
264
True or False: Only animals need oxygen to release energy from food.
False
265
What is cellular respiration?
A chemical reaction that combines food and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
266
In cellular respiration, what form is food typically in?
Sugar glucose
267
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
268
Fill in the blank: Cellular respiration occurs within the _______ of all living things.
cells
269
What happens to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration in plants?
It is given off
270
What do animals do with carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration?
Exhale it during breathing
271
What is the word equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
## Footnote
This equation summarizes the process of cellular respiration in living organisms.
272
What two processes interact in a vital way involving carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
## Footnote
Photosynthesis produces oxygen and food, while cellular respiration uses them to produce carbon dioxide and water.
273
What do plants absorb during photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
## Footnote
These are the raw materials that plants use to produce food and oxygen.
274
What do plants produce during photosynthesis?
Food and Oxygen
## Footnote
These products are essential for the survival of both plants and animals.
275
What do animals and plants exhale as a byproduct of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
## Footnote
This process releases energy that is essential for life.
276
What are scavengers?
Consumers that feed off the remains of living things killed by other consumers
## Footnote
Examples include crows, ravens, and housefly larvae (maggots).
277
What role do scavengers play in the ecosystem?
They help remove dead organisms and waste materials
## Footnote
This prevents the accumulation of waste and dead bodies in the environment.
278
What are decomposers?
Consumers that break down dead plants and animals and animal waste materials
## Footnote
Fungi and bacteria are primary examples of decomposers.
279
Give two examples of decomposers.
* Fungi (e.g., mushrooms)
* Bacteria
## Footnote
Decomposers are crucial for nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
280
Fill in the blank: All living things eventually ______.
die
## Footnote
This is a natural part of the life cycle.
281
What does the pitcher plant eat?
Insects such as grasshoppers and snails
## Footnote
This plant is an example of a carnivorous plant that obtains nutrients from its prey.
282
Where does the pitcher plant live?
Varies by species; typically in nutrient-poor environments
## Footnote
The pitcher plant has adapted to its habitat to obtain nutrients from insects.
283
How does the pitcher plant 'eat' its prey?
It traps insects in its modified leaves and digests them
## Footnote
This method allows the plant to supplement its nutrient intake.
284
What is the word equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
## Footnote
This equation summarizes the process of cellular respiration in living organisms.
285
What two processes interact in a vital way involving carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
## Footnote
Photosynthesis produces oxygen and food, while cellular respiration uses them to produce carbon dioxide and water.
286
What do plants absorb during photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
## Footnote
These are the raw materials that plants use to produce food and oxygen.
287
What do plants produce during photosynthesis?
Food and Oxygen
## Footnote
These products are essential for the survival of both plants and animals.
288
What do animals and plants exhale as a byproduct of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
## Footnote
This process releases energy that is essential for life.
289
What are scavengers?
Consumers that feed off the remains of living things killed by other consumers
## Footnote
Examples include crows, ravens, and housefly larvae (maggots).
290
What role do scavengers play in the ecosystem?
They help remove dead organisms and waste materials
## Footnote
This prevents the accumulation of waste and dead bodies in the environment.
291
What are decomposers?
Consumers that break down dead plants and animals and animal waste materials
## Footnote
Fungi and bacteria are primary examples of decomposers.
292
Give two examples of decomposers.
* Fungi (e.g., mushrooms)
* Bacteria
## Footnote
Decomposers are crucial for nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
293
Fill in the blank: All living things eventually ______.
die
## Footnote
This is a natural part of the life cycle.
294
What does the pitcher plant eat?
Insects such as grasshoppers and snails
## Footnote
This plant is an example of a carnivorous plant that obtains nutrients from its prey.
295
Where does the pitcher plant live?
Varies by species; typically in nutrient-poor environments
## Footnote
The pitcher plant has adapted to its habitat to obtain nutrients from insects.
296
How does the pitcher plant 'eat' its prey?
It traps insects in its modified leaves and digests them
## Footnote
This method allows the plant to supplement its nutrient intake.
297
What is Baker's yeast?
A single-celled decomposer that feeds on sugars in grains and fruits, emitting carbon dioxide as a by-product.
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide helps make breads and pastries rise.
298
What is E. coli?
A type of bacteria found in the large intestine that breaks down nutrients and manufactures vitamins for the body.
## Footnote
E. coli is important for nutrient absorption and vitamin production.
299
What is Candida albicans?
A kind of yeast found in moist areas of the body that can cause thrush when the immune system is weak.
## Footnote
Thrush is characterized by raised white spots on the tongue or inner cheeks.
300
What are nitrogen-fixing nodules?
Swellings on the roots of some plants that house bacteria which make nitrogen available to the plant.
## Footnote
In return, the bacteria receive nutrients from the plant.
301
What is E. coli 0157:H7?
A harmful form of E. coli found in food products that can cause food poisoning due to toxic chemicals produced during digestion.
## Footnote
Common sources include ground beef, milk, and apple juice.
302
True or False: Baker's yeast can be classified as a decomposer.
True
## Footnote
It helps in breaking down sugars and is beneficial in baking.
303
Fill in the blank: _______ is characterized by raised white spots in the mouth.
Thrush
## Footnote
It is caused by Candida albicans when the immune system is compromised.
304
What role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in plants?
They make nitrogen available to the plant in exchange for nutrients.
## Footnote
This mutualistic relationship benefits both the plant and the bacteria.
305
How does E. coli benefit the human body?
By breaking down nutrients and manufacturing necessary vitamins.
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining health.
306
What happens when the body's immune system is weak regarding Candida albicans?
It can grow and reproduce rapidly, leading to thrush.
## Footnote
This overgrowth is harmful and indicates a compromised immune system.
307
What is Baker's yeast?
A single-celled decomposer that feeds on sugars in grains and fruits, emitting carbon dioxide as a by-product.
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide helps make breads and pastries rise.
308
What is E. coli?
A type of bacteria found in the large intestine that breaks down nutrients and manufactures vitamins for the body.
## Footnote
E. coli is important for nutrient absorption and vitamin production.
309
What is Candida albicans?
A kind of yeast found in moist areas of the body that can cause thrush when the immune system is weak.
## Footnote
Thrush is characterized by raised white spots on the tongue or inner cheeks.
310
What are nitrogen-fixing nodules?
Swellings on the roots of some plants that house bacteria which make nitrogen available to the plant.
## Footnote
In return, the bacteria receive nutrients from the plant.
311
What is E. coli 0157:H7?
A harmful form of E. coli found in food products that can cause food poisoning due to toxic chemicals produced during digestion.
## Footnote
Common sources include ground beef, milk, and apple juice.
312
True or False: Baker's yeast can be classified as a decomposer.
True
## Footnote
It helps in breaking down sugars and is beneficial in baking.
313
Fill in the blank: _______ is characterized by raised white spots in the mouth.
Thrush
## Footnote
It is caused by Candida albicans when the immune system is compromised.
314
What role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in plants?
They make nitrogen available to the plant in exchange for nutrients.
## Footnote
This mutualistic relationship benefits both the plant and the bacteria.
315
How does E. coli benefit the human body?
By breaking down nutrients and manufacturing necessary vitamins.
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining health.
316
What happens when the body's immune system is weak regarding Candida albicans?
It can grow and reproduce rapidly, leading to thrush.
## Footnote
This overgrowth is harmful and indicates a compromised immune system.
317
What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?
Decomposers prevent the accumulation of dead bodies, dead plant parts, feces, and urine.
318
How do decomposers benefit plants?
Decomposers ensure that plants have a constant supply of nutrients.
319
What analogy is used to describe decomposers?
Decomposers are described as nature's 'clean-up crew.'
320
What key connection do decomposers make in ecosystems?
Decomposers connect the biotic factors of ecosystems to the abiotic factors.
321
True or False: Decomposers only remove dead organic matter.
False
322
Fill in the blank: Decomposers act like a bridge that connects _______ factors to _______ factors.
[biotic], [abiotic]
323
What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?
Decomposers prevent the accumulation of dead bodies, dead plant parts, feces, and urine.
324
How do decomposers benefit plants?
Decomposers ensure that plants have a constant supply of nutrients.
325
What analogy is used to describe decomposers?
Decomposers are described as nature's 'clean-up crew.'
326
What key connection do decomposers make in ecosystems?
Decomposers connect the biotic factors of ecosystems to the abiotic factors.
327
True or False: Decomposers only remove dead organic matter.
False
328
Fill in the blank: Decomposers act like a bridge that connects _______ factors to _______ factors.
[biotic], [abiotic]
329
What is the general flow of food and energy in an ecosystem?
From producers to consumers
330
What is a food chain?
A convenient way to show how energy moves among living things in an ecosystem
331
What is the starting point of a food chain?
The original food source: a producer
332
What does an arrow in a food chain represent?
It points to a consumer that eats the producer
333
What is an example of a primary consumer?
Herbivore
334
What is an example of a secondary consumer?
Carnivore that feeds on a herbivore
335
True or False: A secondary consumer can feed on another carnivore.
False
336
What can vary in length within food chains?
Some food chains can be quite short, while others are longer
337
Fill in the blank: A primary consumer may point to other _______ consumers.
secondary
338
What are the three food chains mentioned in the text?
apple seeds, algae, mouse; water flea, human; damselfly nymph
339
What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems on Earth?
The sun
## Footnote
Solar energy is harnessed by plants through photosynthesis.
340
What process do plants use to convert the sun's energy into food?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process allows plants to produce chemical energy.
341
Why are plants considered essential to ecosystems?
They provide a way for other organisms to use the sun's energy
## Footnote
Plants act as primary producers in the food web.
342
In an ecosystem, which group of organisms is usually more numerous: producers or consumers?
Producers
## Footnote
There are typically many more plants than consumers.
343
What type of consumers are usually more abundant in an ecosystem?
Herbivores
## Footnote
Herbivores feed on plants, which are more numerous.
344
What happens to the energy a plant gets from food?
90% is used for life functions, 10% is stored
## Footnote
The stored energy is available to herbivores.
345
How much of a plant's energy is available to the herbivore that eats it?
10%
## Footnote
This is the portion of energy that is stored in the plant.
346
What percentage of energy does a herbivore use for its life functions?
90%
## Footnote
Similar to plants, a large part of this energy is lost as body heat.
347
What fraction of the energy does a herbivore pass on to a carnivore?
10%
## Footnote
This is the energy that remains after the herbivore's life functions.
348
Fill in the blank: Plants use as much as _______ of the energy they get from their food to support their life functions.
90%
## Footnote
The remaining 10% is stored for other organisms.
349
What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems on Earth?
The sun
## Footnote
Solar energy is harnessed by plants through photosynthesis.
350
What process do plants use to convert the sun's energy into food?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process allows plants to produce chemical energy.
351
Why are plants considered essential to ecosystems?
They provide a way for other organisms to use the sun's energy
## Footnote
Plants act as primary producers in the food web.
352
In an ecosystem, which group of organisms is usually more numerous: producers or consumers?
Producers
## Footnote
There are typically many more plants than consumers.
353
What type of consumers are usually more abundant in an ecosystem?
Herbivores
## Footnote
Herbivores feed on plants, which are more numerous.
354
What happens to the energy a plant gets from food?
90% is used for life functions, 10% is stored
## Footnote
The stored energy is available to herbivores.
355
How much of a plant's energy is available to the herbivore that eats it?
10%
## Footnote
This is the portion of energy that is stored in the plant.
356
What percentage of energy does a herbivore use for its life functions?
90%
## Footnote
Similar to plants, a large part of this energy is lost as body heat.
357
What fraction of the energy does a herbivore pass on to a carnivore?
10%
## Footnote
This is the energy that remains after the herbivore's life functions.
358
Fill in the blank: Plants use as much as _______ of the energy they get from their food to support their life functions.
90%
## Footnote
The remaining 10% is stored for other organisms.
359
What do plants use to make food?
Sunlight
## Footnote
Plants convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
360
What does a rabbit do with the food it eats?
Stores the food in its body and changes some of it into energy
## Footnote
This process is part of the rabbit's metabolic functions.
361
How does a predator utilize the energy from its prey?
Uses the energy gained to carry out its life functions
## Footnote
Predators rely on the energy stored in the bodies of their prey.
362
What happens to much of the energy that is transferred between living things?
It doesn't get passed fully from one living thing to another
## Footnote
A significant amount of energy is lost as heat.
363
What is the largest percentage of energy used for in living organisms?
Body heat
## Footnote
This heat escapes into the environment and is not usable by other organisms.
364
Is the energy that escapes into the environment used up?
No, it still exists but is in a form that other plants and animals can't use
## Footnote
Energy conservation principles state energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
365
What happens to the green-coloured chlorophyll in plants in autumn?
Chlorophyll breaks down, revealing other pigments in the leaves.
366
Why do leaves change colour before they fall off a tree?
The breakdown of chlorophyll allows other pigments to show.
367
What is the path of energy in an ecosystem?
Energy follows a one-way path.
368
Who do producers depend on for energy?
Producers depend on a constant supply of energy from the sun.
369
What do herbivores depend on for their energy?
Herbivores depend on plants.
370
What do carnivores depend on for their energy?
Carnivores depend on herbivores.
371
Who do scavengers and decomposers depend on for energy?
Scavengers and decomposers depend on everyone else.
372
Fill in the blank: A plant uses much of the energy it gets from its food to support its _______.
[life functions]
373
What happens to the rest of the energy that plants do not use?
It is stored as nutrients in roots, leaves, and other plant parts.
374
What does the limited energy available to herbivores imply for carnivores that eat them?
Carnivores receive even less energy than herbivores.
375
True or False: Energy is recycled in an ecosystem.
False
376
What is a food web?
A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem.
377
How do food chains differ from food webs?
Food chains are simplified representations, while food webs show the many interconnected relationships among living things.
378
What types of organisms are included in a food web?
Food webs include producers, herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers.
379
What can affect the members of a food web?
Changes in abiotic or biotic factors can significantly affect the members of a food web.
380
True or False: Larger animals are always higher on the food chain.
False
381
Fill in the blank: A food web is formed by linking __________ in an ecosystem.
food chains
382
What role do decomposers play in a food web?
Decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
383
Give an example of primary consumers.
Examples of primary consumers include grasshoppers and elephants.
384
What is the relationship between the number of food chains and the complexity of an ecosystem?
An ecosystem can have dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of food chains, indicating its complexity.
385
What is the significance of linking food chains?
Linking food chains illustrates the interconnectedness of species within an ecosystem.
386
What flows through food chains and food webs in ecosystems?
Energy and matter
## Footnote
Energy and matter are crucial for the functioning of ecosystems.
387
What are the two abiotic factors mentioned that are required for ecosystems?
Matter and energy
## Footnote
Both factors influence all areas of the ecosystem.
388
What do sunlight, soil, and water provide to plants?
The necessary resources for growth and survival
## Footnote
These elements are part of the abiotic environment.
389
What role do plants serve in ecosystems?
Food source for herbivores
## Footnote
Herbivores can then serve as food for other consumers.
390
What happens to plants and animals over time?
They grow, reproduce, produce wastes, and die
## Footnote
This cycle contributes to the flow of matter in ecosystems.
391
Who feeds on wastes and remains in an ecosystem?
Scavengers and decomposers
## Footnote
They break down once-living matter into simpler particles.
392
What materials are skeletons made of?
Calcium, phosphorus, and carbon
## Footnote
These chemicals are nutrients necessary for other living things.
393
Fill in the blank: Mineral nutrients are ________.
non-living
## Footnote
They are part of the abiotic environment.
394
True or False: Decomposers play a role in breaking down solid skeletons.
True
## Footnote
Decomposers contribute to recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
395
What is the definition of a cycle in the context of matter?
The movement of matter from the abiotic environment to the biotic environment and back to the abiotic environment
396
What are the two important cycles of matter mentioned?
* Water cycle
* Carbon cycle
397
What are the three main processes responsible for the water cycle?
* Evaporation
* Condensation
* Precipitation
398
What causes water to evaporate in the water cycle?
Heat from the sun
399
What happens to water vapour during the water cycle?
It condenses into clouds
400
How does precipitation return water to Earth?
In the form of rain, hail, and snow
401
What are some sources that add water vapour to the atmosphere?
* Heat from the sun
* Fuel-burning factories
* Motor vehicles
* Exhalation or perspiration from animals
* Plants giving off water vapour
402
Fill in the blank: All the matter that exists on Earth today has been here for _______ years.
[several billion]
403
True or False: Matter is continuously created and destroyed in the water cycle.
False
404
What shape do raindrops actually resemble according to scientists?
The shape of a small hamburger bun
405
What role do plants play in the water cycle?
They take in water from the soil and give off water vapour
406
What are the cycles of matter for substances living things need?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur
## Footnote
These substances are essential for various biological processes.
407
What is a suggested method to present findings on a substance's importance for living things?
In the form of a diagram similar to the water cycle or carbon cycle diagrams
## Footnote
Diagrams help visualize the cycling of substances in nature.
408
What happens to carbon substances over millions of years?
They may change to become fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
## Footnote
This transformation is part of geological processes.
409
What process do animals use oxygen for?
Cellular respiration
## Footnote
This process releases energy needed for survival.
410
What by-product is produced during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
## Footnote
This by-product is released into the environment.
411
Where do animals on land mainly add carbon dioxide?
To the air
## Footnote
This is a significant contributor to atmospheric carbon levels.
412
Where do animals in bodies of water mainly add carbon dioxide?
To the water
## Footnote
This affects aquatic ecosystems.
413
What do plants take in from the atmosphere and soil?
Carbon dioxide and water
## Footnote
These are essential for photosynthesis.
414
What process transforms carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process is vital for plant life and oxygen production.
415
What sources add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Fuel-burning factories and motor vehicles
## Footnote
These sources contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
416
What do decomposers add to the soil and water?
Other forms of carbon
## Footnote
Decomposers play a crucial role in nutrient cycling.
417
What are the cycles of matter for substances living things need?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur
## Footnote
These substances are essential for various biological processes.
418
What is a suggested method to present findings on a substance's importance for living things?
In the form of a diagram similar to the water cycle or carbon cycle diagrams
## Footnote
Diagrams help visualize the cycling of substances in nature.
419
What happens to carbon substances over millions of years?
They may change to become fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
## Footnote
This transformation is part of geological processes.
420
What process do animals use oxygen for?
Cellular respiration
## Footnote
This process releases energy needed for survival.
421
What by-product is produced during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
## Footnote
This by-product is released into the environment.
422
Where do animals on land mainly add carbon dioxide?
To the air
## Footnote
This is a significant contributor to atmospheric carbon levels.
423
Where do animals in bodies of water mainly add carbon dioxide?
To the water
## Footnote
This affects aquatic ecosystems.
424
What do plants take in from the atmosphere and soil?
Carbon dioxide and water
## Footnote
These are essential for photosynthesis.
425
What process transforms carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process is vital for plant life and oxygen production.
426
What sources add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Fuel-burning factories and motor vehicles
## Footnote
These sources contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
427
What do decomposers add to the soil and water?
Other forms of carbon
## Footnote
Decomposers play a crucial role in nutrient cycling.
428
What is the area that is staked out for ecological study called?
Quadrat
## Footnote
Quadrats can be square, rectangular, or circular in shape.
429
What is the process of studying the area in a quadrat called?
Quadrat analysis
## Footnote
Quadrat analysis is used in ecological studies.
430
What is the area that is staked out for ecological study called?
Quadrat
## Footnote
Quadrats can be square, rectangular, or circular in shape.
431
What is the process of studying the area in a quadrat called?
Quadrat analysis
## Footnote
Quadrat analysis is used in ecological studies.
432
What are dragonflies an early warning sign for?
Pollution
## Footnote
If dragonflies at a pond disappear, it indicates that other pond plants and animals will soon follow if the pond isn't cleaned up.
433
What happens if dragonflies disappear from a pond?
Other pond plants and animals will soon follow if the pond isn't cleaned up.
434
What is a constant aspect of existence mentioned in the text?
Everything changes.
435
What are some ways changes can occur in ecosystems?
* Bioinvasion
* Competition
* Predation
* Weather
436
What is bioinvasion?
The introduction of species from one region to another, often by humans.
437
How were many of the plants and animals in Canada introduced?
* European settlers
* Well-meaning naturalists
* Accidental introduction
438
Why did new species introduced through bioinvasion multiply quickly?
They were stronger than native species or had no natural enemies.
439
What impact have introduced species had on ecosystems?
Their effects have been dramatic.
440
Fill in the blank: Change is always happening, everywhere inside you and around you. All things ______.
change
441
True or False: Change in ecosystems can occur through weather.
True
442
What is competition in ecosystems?
Competition is the interaction between organisms where multiple individuals strive for the same resources such as food, water, and space.
443
What do all living things compete for in their community?
All living things compete for resources like food, water, and space to live.
444
True or False: Competition only occurs between different species.
False
445
Fill in the blank: In ecosystems, competition occurs due to interaction with other _______ and abiotic factors.
[biotic]
446
What is a common example of human competition?
Running a race or designing a school logo.
447
Why do living things compete for resources?
Because there is only so much of each resource available.
448
What are the three main resources that living things compete for?
* Food
* Water
* Space
449
How can changes in ecosystems be observed?
Changes can be observed and monitored in ecosystems through interactions like competition.
450
What is the definition of predation?
Predation occurs when an animal hunts other animals for food.
## Footnote
Organisms that are being hunted are referred to as prey.
451
Give an example of predation.
The lynx hunting snowshoe hares.
## Footnote
This interaction illustrates the predator-prey relationship.
452
How can too many predators affect the ecosystem?
The prey population will decrease.
## Footnote
This may lead to increased competition for food among predator populations.
453
What happens if there are too few predators?
The prey population may increase.
## Footnote
This can result in increased competition for food among prey species.
454
What can affect the growth of plant populations?
Weather conditions and natural disasters.
## Footnote
Examples include temperature, rain, storms, floods, and fires.
455
What is one effect of bad weather on ecosystems?
The growth of plant populations may slow or stop.
## Footnote
Consistent poor weather can hinder the overall health of an ecosystem.
456
What are some natural disasters that can change ecosystems?
Bad storms, floods, and fires.
## Footnote
These events can damage plants and kill animals, altering the ecosystem significantly.
457
What is the typical cycle of lynx and snowshoe hare populations over an eight-year period?
They exhibit fluctuations in population numbers.
## Footnote
This cycle illustrates the balance between predator and prey populations.
458
Fill in the blank: Competition for resources is not the only factor that can affect a species' survival; _______ occurs when an animal hunts other animals for food.
predation
459
True or False: Predators always help to increase the population of their prey.
False
## Footnote
Too many predators can lead to a decrease in prey populations.
460
What are the pioneers of succession on bare rock?
Lichen
## Footnote
Lichen are actually two organisms (an alga and a fungus) living together in mutualism.
461
What is the term for the first species that arrive in a new ecosystem?
Pioneer species
462
What do pioneer species do in an ecosystem?
They pave the way for populations of other species to enter and establish themselves.
463
What is the process of change in ecosystems called?
Succession
464
How long can the process of succession take?
Decades, centuries, or even thousands of years.
465
True or False: Pioneer species can survive in harsh abiotic conditions.
True
466
Fill in the blank: The predictable pattern of change in ecosystems is called _______.
Succession
467
What happens to pioneer species as time goes on in an ecosystem?
They may get replaced by new arrivals.
468
What role do scientists play in observing ecosystems over time?
They can tell which species came first and which came later.
469
What is succession?
The process by which communities grow and replace one another until a climax community forms
470
What are the two types of succession?
* Primary succession
* Secondary succession
471
What characterizes primary succession?
Occurs in areas where no life exists due to an absence of soil
472
Where are common areas of primary succession found?
* Volcanic islands
* Lava flows
* Rock left behind by retreating glaciers
473
What is one of the pioneer species in primary succession?
Lichen
474
How do lichens contribute to primary succession?
They help break down rocks into soil
475
What types of plants appear as soil becomes more fertile in primary succession?
* Mosses
* Fungi
* Grasses
* Herbs
476
What follows grassy areas in primary succession?
Trees with shallow roots
477
What type of community is formed at the end of primary succession?
A climax community
478
What is a climax community?
A stable community of a diverse number of species that is not easily replaced
479
What can disturb a climax community?
* Natural forces
* Human activities
480
What characterizes secondary succession?
Occurs when a community has been destroyed or disturbed but previously supported life
481
Give examples of where secondary succession occurs.
* Farmer's field
* Vacant lot in the city
* Newly forested area
* Strip mine
482
What is the first plant to grow when a corn field is left alone?
Weeds
483
What is the continuous process in a climax community?
Change
484
Fill in the blank: Primary succession usually begins with _______.
lichen
485
True or False: A climax community can exist for many years unless disturbed.
True
486
What types of plants typically establish after grasses on sand dunes?
* Shrubs
* Trees
487
What was the chemical pesticide used to combat malaria in Borneo?
DDT
## Footnote
DDT is a synthetic pesticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century.
488
What was the initial effect of DDT on malaria-carrying mosquitoes?
The mosquitoes died off and the malaria diminished
## Footnote
This was the intended outcome of using DDT.
489
What unintended consequence did DDT have on parasitic wasps?
The DDT killed a species of parasitic wasp
## Footnote
The wasps helped control caterpillar populations.
490
What impact did the loss of parasitic wasps have on caterpillar populations?
The caterpillar population increased
## Footnote
Caterpillars began to damage the roofs of houses.
491
What was the consequence of the caterpillar population increase?
Roofs were falling on people's heads
## Footnote
This posed a direct danger to the residents.
492
How did DDT affect geckos?
Geckos suffered nerve damage and moved more slowly
## Footnote
This made them more vulnerable to predators.
493
What change occurred in the diet of cats due to the effects of DDT on geckos?
Cats switched to eating slow-moving geckos
## Footnote
This led to increased exposure to DDT for the cats.
494
What happened to the cats that ate the geckos?
The cats started dying from DDT poisoning
## Footnote
This led to a disruption in the local ecosystem.
495
What was the consequence of the death of cats in the ecosystem?
Rats multiplied quickly
## Footnote
The absence of cats allowed rat populations to grow unchecked.
496
What diseases did fleas, carried by the rats, cause?
Typhus and sylvatic plague
## Footnote
These diseases posed a greater threat than the original malaria.
497
What was the World Health Organization's second solution to the problem?
Parachuting live cats into Borneo
## Footnote
This was an attempt to control the rat population.
498
True or False: DDT is still widely used in North America.
False
## Footnote
DDT has been banned in North America due to its harmful effects.
499
Why are migrating birds particularly vulnerable to pesticides?
They visit many localities
## Footnote
This increases their exposure to various chemicals.
500
What is a recent example of a bird species affected by pesticides?
Swainson's hawks
## Footnote
These birds summer in Canada and winter in South America.
501
What percentage of the world's population of Swainson's hawks died mysteriously?
Between five and ten percent
## Footnote
This translates into thousands of deaths among the 100,000 birds that summer in Canada.
502
What pesticide did Argentinian farmers use that affected Swainson's hawks?
A pesticide used to kill grasshoppers
## Footnote
Farmers were unaware that hawks eat grasshoppers.
503
What is being explored as an alternative to using pesticides?
Alternatives to using pesticides
## Footnote
This effort is supported by environmentalists in North America and Argentina.
504
What happens when a species no longer exists anywhere on Earth?
Extinction occurs
## Footnote
Extinction is a natural part of the planet's history.
505
What human activities have increased the rate of extinction?
Hunting, bioinvasion, farming, building cities, cutting down forests
## Footnote
These activities change the environment too quickly for organisms to adapt.
506
What term is used for organisms that are in serious danger of becoming extinct?
Endangered
## Footnote
These organisms are becoming rarer due to rapid environmental changes.
507
What are threatened species?
Species whose numbers are declining
## Footnote
They are not yet endangered but are at risk.
508
How many grizzly bears are currently in North America?
About 20,000
## Footnote
This is down from more than 100,000 before the 1800s.
509
What is the research focus regarding grizzly bears?
To find out what, if anything, is being done to protect them
## Footnote
There is concern about their potential extinction in Canada.
510
Fill in the blank: Extinction is a _______ part of the planet's history.
natural
511
True or False: Human activities have decreased the rate of extinction.
False
## Footnote
Human activities have greatly increased the rate of extinction.
512
What percentage of the world's population of Swainson's hawks died mysteriously?
Between five and ten percent
## Footnote
This translates into thousands of deaths among the 100,000 birds that summer in Canada.
513
What pesticide did Argentinian farmers use that affected Swainson's hawks?
A pesticide used to kill grasshoppers
## Footnote
Farmers were unaware that hawks eat grasshoppers.
514
What is being explored as an alternative to using pesticides?
Alternatives to using pesticides
## Footnote
This effort is supported by environmentalists in North America and Argentina.
515
What happens when a species no longer exists anywhere on Earth?
Extinction occurs
## Footnote
Extinction is a natural part of the planet's history.
516
What human activities have increased the rate of extinction?
Hunting, bioinvasion, farming, building cities, cutting down forests
## Footnote
These activities change the environment too quickly for organisms to adapt.
517
What term is used for organisms that are in serious danger of becoming extinct?
Endangered
## Footnote
These organisms are becoming rarer due to rapid environmental changes.
518
What are threatened species?
Species whose numbers are declining
## Footnote
They are not yet endangered but are at risk.
519
How many grizzly bears are currently in North America?
About 20,000
## Footnote
This is down from more than 100,000 before the 1800s.
520
What is the research focus regarding grizzly bears?
To find out what, if anything, is being done to protect them
## Footnote
There is concern about their potential extinction in Canada.
521
Fill in the blank: Extinction is a _______ part of the planet's history.
natural
522
True or False: Human activities have decreased the rate of extinction.
False
## Footnote
Human activities have greatly increased the rate of extinction.
523
What organization monitors species at risk of extinction in Canada?
Canadian Wildlife Service's Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC)
## Footnote
COSEWIC is composed of representatives from various environmental agencies and independent experts.
524
What is the main goal of COSEWIC?
To increase the numbers of all at-risk species to levels that are no longer considered endangered
## Footnote
This involves monitoring and assessing species at risk.
525
What species is used as an example of a species that was placed on the endangered species list?
Peregrine falcon
## Footnote
The peregrine falcon faced significant population declines due to environmental factors.
526
What was the major cause of the drop in peregrine falcon populations?
Agricultural pesticides
## Footnote
These pesticides caused thinning of eggshells, leading to fewer eggs hatching.
527
What effect did agricultural pesticides have on peregrine falcon eggs?
Thinning of the eggshell
## Footnote
This resulted in eggs breaking and fewer birds being born.
528
What has changed regarding the use of agricultural pesticides in North America?
The use of these pesticides has been banned
## Footnote
This ban has contributed to the recovery of peregrine falcon populations.
529
Fill in the blank: A peregrine falcon is tagged so ______ can be monitored.
its movements
530
True or False: The peregrine falcon is no longer considered endangered due to the ban on harmful pesticides.
True
## Footnote
Ongoing monitoring and conservation efforts have supported population recovery.
531
What years were peregrine falcons monitored in Canada?
1970 to 1995
532
What was developed when peregrine falcon populations became dangerously low?
A recovery plan
533
What does captive breeding involve?
Breeding the birds in a protected environment where they cannot be harmed
534
What significant achievement occurred at the captive breeding facility in Wainwright, Alberta, in 1994?
A record-breaking 115 young birds were raised
535
What modification did the National Department of Defense agree to for low-level aerial training flights in Labrador?
To reduce the effects on nesting peregrines
536
What program helps peregrine falcons return to the wild after being bred in captivity?
A release program
537
How are peregrine falcons monitored after their release into the wild?
They are tagged
538
What change occurred in the conservation status of the peregrine falcon due to successful captive breeding programs?
Down-listed from endangered to threatened
539
In which cities have peregrine falcons been released and are building nests on tall buildings?
Toronto, Edmonton, and Calgary
540
Why do scientists think peregrine falcons are nesting on buildings?
They are mistaking these buildings for cliffs
541
What are natural nesting sites for peregrine falcons?
Cliffs
542
What endangered species is mentioned for further research?
The Vancouver Island marmot
543
What type of scientific investigations are being conducted to help save the Vancouver Island marmot?
Research efforts focused on conservation
544
What years were peregrine falcons monitored in Canada?
1970 to 1995
545
What was developed when peregrine falcon populations became dangerously low?
A recovery plan
546
What does captive breeding involve?
Breeding the birds in a protected environment where they cannot be harmed
547
What significant achievement occurred at the captive breeding facility in Wainwright, Alberta, in 1994?
A record-breaking 115 young birds were raised
548
What modification did the National Department of Defense agree to for low-level aerial training flights in Labrador?
To reduce the effects on nesting peregrines
549
What program helps peregrine falcons return to the wild after being bred in captivity?
A release program
550
How are peregrine falcons monitored after their release into the wild?
They are tagged
551
What change occurred in the conservation status of the peregrine falcon due to successful captive breeding programs?
Down-listed from endangered to threatened
552
In which cities have peregrine falcons been released and are building nests on tall buildings?
Toronto, Edmonton, and Calgary
553
Why do scientists think peregrine falcons are nesting on buildings?
They are mistaking these buildings for cliffs
554
What are natural nesting sites for peregrine falcons?
Cliffs
555
What endangered species is mentioned for further research?
The Vancouver Island marmot
556
What type of scientific investigations are being conducted to help save the Vancouver Island marmot?
Research efforts focused on conservation
557
What concept did Wackernagel and Rees develop?
Ecological footprint
## Footnote
The ecological footprint measures the impact of our lifestyle on Earth's ecology.
558
What does the ecological footprint help us understand?
The effect of our way of life on Earth
## Footnote
It shows the imprint our lifestyle makes on Earth's ecology.
559
What factors did Wackernagel and Rees consider to determine the ecological footprint?
* Food
* Housing
* Transportation
* Consumer goods
* Services
## Footnote
They calculated the energy, materials, and land needed for each item.
560
What is the average ecological footprint of a Canadian?
7.7 ha
## Footnote
This is the amount of land needed for food, travel, housing, and waste disposal.
561
How much land is actually available to support each person on Earth?
1.7 ha per person
## Footnote
This is less than the average ecological footprint per person worldwide, which is 2.2 ha.
562
What does it mean if everyone on Earth had the same ecological footprint as the average Canadian?
We would need four Earths to support us
## Footnote
This indicates the excessive use of Earth's resources in Canada and similar countries.
563
What are some ways to reduce your ecological footprint?
* Reducing water consumption
* Reducing energy consumption
* Reducing material consumption
* Recycling waste
## Footnote
Changes can be immediate or take a long time.
564
What is the total ecological footprint of the City of Edmonton if each resident has an ecological footprint of 7.7 ha?
About 5,051,200 ha
## Footnote
The city's actual area is only about 67,000 ha.
565
True or False: The people of Edmonton require more land to support their lifestyle than they actually live on.
True
## Footnote
The residents require 75 times more land than the actual area of the city.
