A/P 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Atoms
A
the smallest chemical units
2
Q
Molecules
A
Group of atoms working together
3
Q
Organelles
A
Group of molecules working together
4
Q
Cells
A
groups of organelles working together
5
Q
Tissues
A
group of similar cells working together
6
Q
Organs
A
group of different tissues working together
7
Q
Organ systems
A
group of organs working together in homeostasis
8
Q
Organism
A
an individual where all organ systems working together in homeostasis
9
Q
The body is divided into how many organ systems?
A
11
10
Q
True or False:
Many organs work in more than one organ system
A
TRUE
11
Q
Homeostasis
A
All body systems working together to maintain stable internal environment
12
Q
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
A
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
ex: PLTs start clotting process after wound occurs
13
Q
Extrinsic regulation
A
Responses are controlled by nerves and endocrine systems
Ex: air conditioning sensing temp too hot/cold and turning on/off
14
Q
Regarding hemostasis: Receptor
A
receives the stimulus
15
Q
Regarding hemostasis: control center
A
processes the signal and sends instructions
16
Q
Regarding hemostasis: effector
A
carries out instructions
17
Q
Negative feedback
A
response of the effector negates the stimulus
18
Q
Positive feedback
A
Response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
Ex: clotting until bleeding is finished
19
Q
Cranial (anatomical position)
A
Towards the head end of the body
20
Q
Caudal (anatomical position)
A
towards the tail or away from the head end of the body
21
Q
Posterior/dorsal (anatomical position)
A
The back portion of the body
22
Q
Anterior/ventral (anatomical position)
A
The front portion of the body
23
Q
Lateral (anatomical position)
A
side view
24
Q
Frontal (anatomical position)
A
Front view
25
Anatomical direction
refers to the pt left or right
26
Proximal (anatomical position)
toward or near the trunk or point of attachment to the body
27
Distal (anatomical position)
Parts of the body further away from the center
28
Medial (anatomical position)
Towards the center of the body
29
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
30
Sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right portions
31
Midsagittal plane
an imaginary vertical plane that runs through the body's midline, dividing it into two equal halves.
32
Transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
33
Supine
Position when laying on back
34
Prone
Position when laying on stomach
35
Proton
Located in nucleus with positive charge
36
Neutron
Located in nucleus with neutral charge
37
Electron
Located outside the nucleus on the orbitals with negative charge
38
Isotope
When the number of neutrons is different than P/E
39
Radioactive isotope
Spontaneous decay into elements with lower atomic number
40
Atomic mass
the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
41
Atomic number
Number of protons of the element
42
Orbital
area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found (rings)
43
Cation
When an atom has more protons than electrons thus holding a positive charge
44
Anion
When an atom has more electrons that protons thus holding a negative charge
45
Oxidation
loss of an electron
46
Reduction
Gain of an electron
47
Max # of electrons in the first shell
2
48
Max # of electrons in the outer shell
8
49
Which atoms have their outer shell filled?
Inert
50
Which atoms do not have their outer shell filled?
Reactive
51
Most common elements in the body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
52
Molecule (O2)
a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association
53
Compound
composed of two or more different types of atoms bond together
54
What are the three types of atomic bonds?
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
55
Ionic bond
formed when ions of opposite charges attract each other
56
Covalent bond
formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons
57
Hydrogen bonding
In a water molecule, both the oxygen and hydrogen atoms attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond (electronegativity)
58
Polar
when an atom had a slightly positive and slight negative charge
59
Chemical reaction
occurs during the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
60
Chemical reactions can be influenced by:
-temperature
-concentration of reactants and products
-catalysts
61
Energy
the power to do work
62
Work
a change in mass or distance
63
Kinetic energy
the energy of motion
64
Potential energy
stored energy
65
Chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
66
What is the main source of energy in the body?
ATP
67
Electrical energy
Movement of charged particles
Ex: Lightening strike
68
Mechanical enerygy
Energy of either stored of releasing energy
69
Radiant energy
electromagnetic (energy in waves)
Ex: Light
70
Exergonic reactions
Gives off energy to surroundings
Ex: Fire giving off heat
71
Endergonic reactions
absorbs energy from surroundings
Ex: Snowman melting from heat
72
Catabolism (decomposition reaction)
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy.
Ex: hydrolysis
73
Anabolism (synthesis reaction)
Taking away water from simple compounds through dehydration synthesis to create complex compounds
74
Exchange reaction (reversible)
When two different reactants exchange components to form two new products
EX:
AB + CD → AD + CB
75
Hydrolysis
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
76
Dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion
77
Organic molecule
Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
Ex: glucose (carbohydrate)
78
Inorganic molecule
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen (together)
Ex: All metals
79
What are the properties of water?
-solubility
-reactivity
-high heat capacity
-lubrication
-density
80
Electrolytes
Ionic minerals with either positive or negative charge
81
Electrolyte imbalance
can seriously disturb vital body functions
82
Hydrophilic
reacts with water
Hydro = water
philic = loving
83
Hydrophobic
Does not react with water
Phobos = fear
84
Concentration
the amount of solute in a solvent
85
pH
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
86
Neutral pH
A balance of H+ and OH-
87
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
88
Acidic
pH lower than 7.0
-High H+ concentration
-Low OH- concentration
89
Basic
pH higher than 7.0
-Low H+ concentration
-High OH- concentration
90
Excess H+ ions (low pH) can:
- damage cells and tissues
-alters proteins
-interferes with normal physiological functions
91
Acidosis
excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)
92
Alkadosis
Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)
93
pH control
Adding acidic or basic substances to solution in order to manage pH balance
94
What are the 3 most important dissolved gases?
-Oxygen (02)
-Carbon dioxide (CO2)
-Nitrogen (N2)
95
Functional groups
Molecular groups which allow molecules to interact with other molecules
96
What is the function of the carbohydrate?
Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
Favorite source of ATP
97
Monosaccharides
simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose)
98
Disaccharides
2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)
Ex: two or more monosaccharides bonded together
99
Polysaccharides
Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen)
100
Lipids
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, oils.
101
Lipids are made of mostly
carbon and hydrogen atoms
102
What is the function of lipids?
storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
103
Saturated fatty acids
type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms
104
Unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
105
Glycerides
Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
106
Triglyceride
a type of fat that circulate in your blood and are the most common type of fat in your body
3 fatty-acid tails either saturated or unsaturated
107
Phospholipids
-have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
-structured lipids
108
What is the most abundant and important organic molecule?
Proteins
109
What is the function of proteins?
structure, enzymes, hormones, cellular response, cell repair, growth developement, and muscle maintenance
110
Peptide bond
removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain
111
Polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids
112
Tertiary structure
Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Ex: heme units
113
Quaternary structure
Several tertiary structures together.
114
Protein function is based on:
shape
115
Shape is based on:
sequence of amino acids
116
Denaturation
loss of shape and function due to head or pH
117
Fibrous proteins
made up of polypeptide chains that are elongated and fibrous in nature or have a sheet like structure
118
Globular proteins
a protein that is water-soluble and shaped like a sphere or a globe upon folding.
119
Enzymes (as catalysts)
Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction
120
substrates
Bind to enzymes during chemical reactio to make products
121
How do enzymes work? (active site)
A location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate
122
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
123
Nucleic acids
large organic molecules, found in the nucleus which store ad process information
124
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-determines inherited characteristics
-directs protein synthesis
-controls enzyme production
-controls metabolism
125
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
126
A and its pairing
Adenine
always pairs with thymine (T) OR RNA uracil (U)
127
T and its pairing
Thymine
always pairs with adenine (A)
128
C and its pairing
Cytosine
always pairs with guanine (G)
129
G and its pairing
guanine
always pairs with cytosine (C)
130
Nucleotides
are the building blocks of DNA.
-sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C)
131
Adenosine diphosphate
ADP
2 phosphate groups
132
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
3 phosphate groups
133
Phosphorylation
Adding phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form high energy compound ATP
134
ATPase
the enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation
135
Serous membrane
secretes serous fluid that lubricates the tissues so organs can move without friction
136
Visceral membrane
covers the external surface of organs within the cavity
137
Parietal pleura
forms the outer boundary of the pleural cavity
138
Visceral pleura
tightly encloses the lungs
139
Parietal pericardium
forms the inner layer of the pericardial sac
140
Visceral pericardium
tightly encloses the heart
141
Parietal
peritoneum
lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
142
Visceral peritoneum
tightly encloses most of the organs found within the abdominal cavity
143
Major organs within the RUQ
-liver
-stomach
-transverse colon
-gallbladder
-right kidney
-right adrenal gland
-duodenum
144
Major organs within the RLQ
-cecum
-appendix
-large intestine
-right reproductive organs
-right ureter
145
Major organs within the LUQ
-Stomach
-spleen
-transverse colon
-small intestine
-pancreas
-left kidney
-left adrenal gland
-liver
146
Major organs within the LLQ
-small intestine
-sigmoid colon
-left ureter
-large intestine
-left reproductive organs
147
