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Anatomy and physiology 1 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cell

A

All cells except sex cells

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2
Q

Sex cells

A

reproductive cells

Ex: sperm and oocytes

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3
Q

Cell membrane
function:

A

isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entrance/exits of materials

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4
Q

Cytosol function:

A

distributes materials by diffusion

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5
Q

cytoskeleton function:

A

strength and support
movement

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6
Q

Microvilli function:

A

increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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7
Q

Cillia function:

A

movement of materials over cell surface

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8
Q

Ribosomes function:

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

Proteasomes

A

Breakdown and recycling of intracellular proteins

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10
Q

Mitochondria function:

A

Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function:

A

-Synthesis of secretory products
-Intracellular storage and transport

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12
Q

Smooth ER function:

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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13
Q

Rough ER function:

A

Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

-Surface covered in ribosomes

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus function:

A

Storage, alternation, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

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15
Q

Lysosomes function:

A

Intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens

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16
Q

Peroxisomes function:

A

Neutralization of toxic compounds

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17
Q

Nucleus function:

A

control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis

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18
Q

Nucleolus function:

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits

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19
Q

Phospholipid bilayer of the membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipid molecules that create barrier

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20
Q

Integral proteins (membrane)

A

Found within the membrane

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21
Q

Peripheral proteins (membrane)

A

Found in the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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22
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sticky sugar coat outside membrane

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23
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

-no membrane
-direct contact with cytosol

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24
Q

Membranous organelles

A

-covered with plasma membrane
-isolated from cytosol

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25
Microfilaments
thin filaments composed of the protein Actin -pairs with thick filaments of myosin for muscle improvement
26
Intermediate filaments
Mid-size and durable -strengthen cell and maintain shape
27
Microtubules
Large, hollow tubes of tubulin that strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape
28
Centrioles
form spindle apparatus during cell division
29
Free ribosome
cell organelles that are unattached to any membrane and float freely in the cytoplasm of a cell. They are responsible for producing proteins that are used within the cell
30
Fixed ribosomes
ribosomes that are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
31
Cisternae
storage chambers within golgi apparatus
32
Secretory vesicles
modify and package products for exocytosis
33
Membrane renewal viscles
Add or remove membrane components
34
Transport vesicles
carry materials to and from Golgi apparatus
35
Exocytosis
the ejection of secretory products and waste
36
Cells
the basic structural and functional units of life
37
Chromosomes
tightly coiled DNA
38
Chromatin
loosely coiled DNA
39
Genes
A distinct sequence of DNA bases, forming part of a chromosome
40
DNA (code)
instructions for every protein in the body
41
Gene (code)
DNA instructions for 1 protein
42
3 bases =
1 amino acid
43
Transcription
Copying instructions from DNA to mRNA
44
Translation
ribosome reads code from mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain
45
Genetic information must be:
transferred into the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized
46
True or false: Only ONE side of DNA codes for a protein.
TRUE
47
mRNA
messenger RNA transcribed from DNA by complementary base pairing. Ex: Adenine pairs to uracil
48
The genetic code
a triplet code compromised of three nucleotide bases in a sequence
49
Selective permeability
allows some materials to move freely but restricts others based on -size -electrical charge -shape -lipid solubulity
50
Diffuse transport
passive with no energy required
51
Carrier-mediated transfer
passive or active pending the type of carrier
52
vesicular transport
active and requiring energy through ATP
53
What are the seven methods of transport?
-diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -active transport -secondary active -endocytosis -exocytosis
54
Diffusion
Molecular movement of solutes; direction determined by relative concentrations
55
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules towards solution containing relatively higher solute concentration
56
Facilitated diffusion
carrier proteins passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration gradient
57
active transport
carrier proteins actively transport solutes across a membrane, often against a concentration gradient
58
secondary active transport
carrier proteins passively transport two solutes, with one moving down concentration gradient
59
Endocytosis
creation of membraneous vesicles containing fluid or solid material
60
Exocytosis
fusion of vesicles containing fluid or solids (or both) with the call membrane
61
Concentration
the amount of solute in a solvent
62
concentration gradient
more solute in one part of a solvent than another
63
What are 5 factors that affect diffusion rates?
-distance -temperature -gradient size -electrical forces
64
Materials that can pass through transmembrane proteins
-water soluble -ions
65
Osmotic pressure
the force of a concentration gradient of water equals the force needed to block osmosis
66
Tonicity
ability of a solution to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
67
Isotonic solution
a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
68
Hypotonic solution
gain water through osmosis
69
Hypertonic solution
a solution with higher osmotic pressure
70
Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport
-1 transport protein = 1 set of substrates -rate depends on transport proteins - regulation such as hormones
71
Cotransport
2 substances move in the same direction at the same time
72
Countertransport
1 substance moves in while another moves out
73
Carrier proteins
transport molecules too large to fir through channel
74
Active transport proteins:
move substrates against concentration gradient and require energy
75
receptor-mediated endocytosis
cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane
76
Pinocytosis
cells take in fluid and dissolved substances through the cell membrane Ex: Cellular drinking
77
Phagocytosis
cell, or phagocyte, surrounds and destroys foreign substances and dead cells
78
Mitosis
the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them
79
Interphase
non-diving state but cell is metabolically active -chromosomes are long and thin
80
Prophase
-chromosomes shorten and thicken -spindles start to form
81
Metaphase
-chromosomes line up forming a line
82
Anaphase
-centromeres divide -chromosome halves migrate to opposite poles of the cell
83
Telophase
cell starts to form the peanut shape
84
Cytokinesis
the final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm of a single cell physically divides into two separate daughter cells
85
True or false cell division balances cell loss
TRUE
86
Oncogenes
mutates genes that cause cancer
87
Tumor
enlarged abnormal mass of cells
88
Benign tumor
non cancerous tumor
89
Centromere
structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids Ex: the DNA's belt that gives it an X shape
90
Kinetochore
a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome.

Anatomy and physiology 1 (9 decks)

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