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Anatomy and physiology 1 > Osseous tissue and bone > Flashcards

Osseous tissue and bone Flashcards

1
Q

Endoskeleton

A

rigid internal skeleton to which muscles are attached and is composed of cartilage or bone

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2
Q

Skeletal system includes:

A

bones, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues

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3
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A

support
storage of minerals
storage of lipids
blood cell production
protection
leverage (force of movement)

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4
Q

How many major bones in an ADULT skeleton?

A

206

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5
Q

Bones are identified by:

A

shape, internal tissue, and bone marking

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6
Q

What are the bone shapes?

A

long bones
flat bones
sutural bones
irregular bones
short bones
sesamoid bones

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7
Q

Long bones:

A

are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

long and thin bones used primarily for movement

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8
Q

Flat bones:

A

are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula

thin with parallel surfaces for protection

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9
Q

Sutural bones:

A

small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull

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10
Q

Irregular bones:

A

have complex shapes

ex: spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones

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11
Q

Short bones:

A

small and thick bones such as ankle/wrist bones

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12
Q

Sesamoid bones:

A

small and flat bones that develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet and are strapped in place with limited movement

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13
Q

Process (bone marking)

A

any projection or bump

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14
Q

Ramus (bone marking)

A

an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

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15
Q

Trochanter (bone marking)

A

a large, rough projection

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16
Q

Tuberosity (bone marking)

A

smaller, rough projection

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17
Q

Tubercle (bone marking)

A

a small, rounded projection

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18
Q

Crest (bone marking)

A

a prominent ridge

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19
Q

Line (bone marking)

A

a low ridge

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20
Q

Spine (bone marking)

A

a pointed process

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21
Q

Head (bone marking)

A

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck

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22
Q

Neck (bone marking)

A

a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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23
Q

Condyle (bone marking)

A

a smooth, rounded articular process

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24
Q

Trochlea (bone marking)

A

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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25
Facet (bone marking)
a small, flat articulate surface
26
Fossa (bone marking)
a shallow depression
27
Sulcus (bone marking)
a narrow groove
28
Foreman (bone marking)
a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
29
Canal (bone marking)
a passageway through the substance of a bone
30
Fissure (bone marking)
an elongated cleft
31
Sinus or antrum (bone marking)
a chamber within a bone that is normally filled with air
32
Diaphysis
aka the shaft has a heavy wall of compact bone or dense bone with a central space called the marrow cavity
33
Epithysis
Wide part at each end of the bone that articulates with other bones mostly spongy bone covered with compact bone
34
Metaphysis
where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
35
Osseous tissue
a hard, mineralized connective tissue that gives bones strength and structure
36
Osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix that live in the lacunae
37
Osteocyte funtion
maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix and repair broken bone
38
Osetoblasts
immature cells that create new bone and help heal and grow existing bones
39
Osetoclasts
cells that break down old bone tissue to make room for new bone growth and repair
40
Osteoprogenitor cells
stem cells (mesenchymal) in bone that are responsible for bone growth and repair. They are found in the bone marrow and are the precursors to more specialized bone cells, such as osteoblasts and osteocytes
41
Osteolysis
a progressive condition that causes bone tissue to be destroyed, softened, and weakened
42
Bone matrix
a composite material that gives bones their strength and structure
43
Bone matrix composition
Organic component: Made up of proteins like collagen, osteonectin, and osteocalcin, which contribute to the tensile strength and structural organization of bones Inorganic component: Made up of calcium and phosphate, which form hydroxyapatite crystals that give bones their hardness and rigidity
44
Compact bone structure:
composed of cylindrical units called osteons, which consist of concentric rings of bone matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal) containing blood vessels and nerves
45
Perforating canals
Microscopic channels in the compact bone that run perpendicular to canals. They carry blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and connect the canals with each other and the periosteum
46
Circumferential lamellae
form lamellar rings that encompass the entire external circumference of the shaft of long bones
47
Periosteum
a fibrous sheath that covers bones. It contains the blood vessels and nerves that provide nourishment and sensation to the bone
48
Functions of the periosteum
-isolate bone from surrounding tissues -provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply -participate in bone growth and repair
49
Endosteum
A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall also identified as the lining membrane of the Bone marrow cavity
50
Spongy bone
a lightweight, supportive bone tissue that's found in the ends of long bones and gives bones their strength while reducing their weight no blood supply
51
Red bone marrow
has blood vessels, forms red blood cells, and supples nutrients to the osteocytes
52
Yellow Bone marrow
made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
53
Osteogenesis
bone formation
54
Ossification
the process of replacing other tissues with bone
55
Intramembranous ossification
a process that directly converts mesenchymal tissue into bone
56
1st step of intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into osteoblasts and begin ossification at ossification center
57
2nd step of intramembranous ossification
Blood vessels grow into the area to supple the osteoblasts and spicules connect trapping blood vessels inside bone
58
3rd step of intramembranous ossification
spongy bone develops and is remodeled into osteons of compact bone
59
Endochondral ossification
the process of bone formation in which cartilage scaffolds, arranged in zones, are gradually replaced by bone
60
1st step of endochondral ossification
mesenchymal cells differentiate chondodrytes
61
2nd step of endochondral ossification
the cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form
62
3rd step of endochondral ossification
blood vessels enter the cartilage bringing fibroblasts that become osteoblasts and spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center
63
4th step of endochondral ossification
Remodeling creates a marrow cavity and bone replaces cartilage at the metaphyses
64
5th step of endochondral ossification
Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses creating secondary ossification centers
65
6th step of endochondral ossification
Epiphyses fill with spongy bone
66
Epiphyseal lines
a ridge on the surface of a mature bone that marks the point where the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone fuse together
67
What are the 3 sets of vessels that make up the blood supply to mature bones?
-nutrient artery and vein -metaphyseal vessels -periosteal vessels
68
Bone remodeling
a continuous process that replaces old or damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue
69
Vitamin C (effects on bone)
required for collagen synthesis and stimulates osteoblast differentiation
70
Vitamin A (effects on bone)
stimulates osteoblast activity
71
Vitamins K and B12 (effects on bone)
help synthesize bone proteins
72
Calcitrol
a hormone that's the active form of vitamin D and is produced in the kidneys
73
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
74
Calcium ions are vital to:
membranes, neurons, muscle cells and are closely monitored by homeostasis
75
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
increases calcium ion levels by stimulating osteoclasts increasing intestinal absorption of calcium that decreased calcium excretion in the kidneys
76
Calcitonin
secreted by C cells in the thyroid decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity thus increasing calcium excretion in the kidneys

Anatomy and physiology 1 (9 decks)

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