A&P Chapter 12

Question 1

Spinal Cord

Answer 1

• extends to 2nd lumbar vertebrae
• gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• cervical enlargement: nerve fiber of upper limbs enter and exit (arm)
• lumbosacral enlargement: nerve fibers of lower limb exit and enter (leg).

Question 2

Meninges

Answer 2

connective tissue membranes

Question 3

Dura mater

Answer 3

superficial and thickest membrane

Question 4

arachnoid mater

Answer 4

next deeper meningeal membrane

Question 5

Pia mater

Answer 5

deepest, bound to the spinal cord.

Forms filum terminale( anchors spinal cord to coccyx)

Question 6

White matter

Answer 6

myelinated axons; schwanns cells

Question 7

Gray matter

Answer 7

cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

Question 8

White matter of spinal cord

Answer 8

• each half divided into 3 columns
  
  1. ventral
  2. dorsal
  3. lateral
• each funiculi divide to tracts of fasciuli
• white commissure: connect halves together.

Question 9

Gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer 9

• organized into horns
  
  1. posterior
  2. anterior
  3. lateral
• gray commissure: connects halves
• central canal: helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 10

Roots of spinal cord

Answer 10

each half has a dorsal root an da ventral root. roots join laterally to form spinal nerve.

Question 11

Dorsal root

Answer 11

sensory neurons (sensory info)

Question 12

Ventral root

Answer 12

Autonomic neurons; motor neurons. glands and muscles

Question 13

Neuron

Answer 13

basic structural unit of the nervous system

Question 14

reflex arc

Answer 14

basic functional unit. ability to receive stimuli and produce response.

Question 15

Reflexes

Answer 15

• Autonomic response
• some can be exaggerated (diff for everyone)
  Consists of
  
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neruon
  3. interneuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ

Question 16

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 16

• encapsulated nerved endings in tendons

- prevents excessive tension in tendons

Question 17

Reciprocal innervation

Answer 17

• inhibitory signals sent to antagonist muscles

- reduces resistance to movement

Question 18

cross extensor reflex

Answer 18

• stimulation of motor neurons in other leg

- aids in maintaining balance

Question 19

Endoneurium

Answer 19

surrounds the individual nerve fibers

Question 20

perineurium

Answer 20

surrounds groups of nerve fibers

Question 21

fascicles

Answer 21

bundle of fibers encased in perineurium

Question 22

epineurium

Answer 22

encases fascicles

Question 23

Organization of spinal nerves

Answer 23

8 cervical C1-C8
12 thoracic T1-T12
5 Lumbar L1-L5
5 sacral S1-S5
1 coccygeal Co

Question 24

Plexus

Answer 24

bundle of nerves

Question 25

Dermatome

Answer 25

area of skin spinal nerve innervates

Question 26

Dorsal Rami

Answer 26

innervates deep muscles of vertebral column.

Question 27

Ventral Rami

Answer 27

innervate intercostals. Forms the 5 major plexus.

Question 28

cervical plexus

Answer 28

``` originating form C1-C4 - innervates 1. skin of neck and posterior head 2. hyoid muscle 3. superficial neck structures - Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm (branch of C4) *** ```

Question 29

Brachial Plexus

Answer 29

- originates from C5- T1 - axillary nerve: deltoid, teres minor - Radial nerve: supinator, upperlimb extensors, brachioradialis.

Question 30

Musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 30

anterior muscles of the arm. Sensory fpr the forearm.

Question 31

ulnar nerve

Answer 31

2 muscle of the forearm; intrinsic hand \.

Question 32

Median nerve

Answer 32

most flexors of forearm; hand muscles at the base of thumb.

Question 33

Axillary nerve

Answer 33

- laterally rotate arm: teres minor - abducts arm: deltoid - Skin: inferior lateral shoulder

Question 34

Radial nerve

Answer 34

movements at the elbow and wrist; thumb movements | - skin: posterior surface of the arm and forearm, lateral 2/3 of dorsum hand.

Question 35

Musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 35

- movements at the shoulder, elbow and wrist | - skin: lateral surface of forearm.

Question 36

Ulnar nerve

Answer 36

- movements at the wrist, fingers and hand | - skin: medial 1/3 of hand, little finger, and medial1/2 of ring finger

Question 37

Medial nerve

Answer 37

- movement of the hand, wirst, thumb, fingers. | - Skin: lateral 2/3 of palm, thumb, index and middle fingers; lateral 1/2 of ring finger and dorsal tip of same fingers.

Question 38

Other nerves pf the brachial plexus

Answer 38

pectoral, long thoracic, thoracodorsal, subscapular, and suprascapular.

Question 39

Lumbar and sacral plexus

Answer 39

- Tibial nerve: posterior thigh, leg, and foot. | - fibula nerve: posterior thigh, leg, foot.

Question 40

Lumbar and sacral nerves

Answer 40

lumbar originated L1-L4 sacral originates L4-S4 - obturator nerve: medial thigh and knee (adducts) - femoral nerve: anterior thigh.

Question 41

Gluteal nerve

Answer 41

hip muscles that act on femur

Question 42

pudendal nerve

Answer 42

abdominal wall and anesthetized in childbirth.

Question 43

external genitalia

Answer 43

- genitofemoral nerve, illoguinal nerve, illiohypogastric nerve, cutaneous femoral nerve.

Question 44

Coccygeal plexus (least amount of nerves)

Answer 44

- formed at S5 and coccygeal nerve - innervates - pelvic floor - skin over coccyx sends info.

Question 45

Anesthesia

Answer 45

loss of sensation

Question 46

Hyperesthesia

Answer 46

increased sensitivity to light, pressure, and pain

Question 47

paresthesia

Answer 47

tingling, prickling, burning ( hand falling asleep)

Question 48

Neuralgia

Answer 48

nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain

Question 49

Sciatica

Answer 49

pain radiating down back of thigh and leg.

Question 50

Herpes

Answer 50

skin lesions

Question 51

shingles

Answer 51

or herpes zoster; adult disease of chicken pox

Question 52

poliomyelitis

Answer 52

infantile paralysis

Question 53

anesthetic leprosy

Answer 53

bacterial infection of the peripheral nerves | - can be caught from an armadillo

Question 54

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 54

resultsin fatigue and muscular weakness due to inadequate ACH receptors.