A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Classes of Joints
A
Fibrous joints - Sutures - syndesmoses - gomphosis Cartilaginous joints - Synchondroses - Symphyses Synovial joints
2
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
Sutures - Seams between skull bones Syndesmoses - Fibrous joint joined by ligament Gomphoses - Pegs that fit into sockets
3
Q
Suture
A
Opposing bones interdigitate.
Sutural ligament:
- two periostea plus dense, fibrous, connective tissue between.
Fontanels:
- membranous areas in the suture between bones. Allow change in shape of head during birth and rapid growth of the brain after birth.
4
Q
Syndesmoses
A
- Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments
- Some movement may occur
- Examples: radioulnar (interosseus membrane)
5
Q
Gomphoses
A
Specialized joints
Pegs that fit into sockets
Held in place by regular collagenous tissue
Only found in teeth and mandible/maxilla
Peridontal bundle
- Connective tissue between teeth & sockets
6
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
United 2 bones by either hyaline or fibrocartilage Synchondroses - Joints containing hyaline cartilage Symphyses - Joints containing fibrocartilage
7
Q
Synchondroses
A
2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage Little or no movement Examples - Epiphyseal plates of growing bones - 1st rib and the sternum
8
Q
Symphyes
A
Fibro-cartilage uniting 2 bones Movable Examples - Manubrium and body of sternum - Symphysis pubis - -Inter-vertebral disks
9
Q
Synovial Joints
A
Contain synovial fluid Allow considerable movement Articular cartilage covers articulation sites Articular disk - Lies between articular cartilages Meniscus - Articular disk in knee or wrist
10
Q
General Structural Features
A
Joint cavity - Encloses articular surfaces of 2 bones Joint Capsule - Encases joint cavity - Contains synovial membrane Synovial membrane - Produces synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid
11
Q
Bursa
A
Synovial membrane extends to form a sac Contains synovial fluid Provides cushioning to prevent rubbing Bursitis - Inflammation of bursa & restricts movement
12
Q
Types of Synovial Joints
A
Classified by shape of articular surfaces: Plane (Gliding) Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball-and-socket Ellipsoid
13
Q
Movement of Synovial Joints
A
Uniaxial - One axis Biaxial - Two axes Multiaxial - Several axes
14
Q
Plane Joint
A
2 flat bones of equal size that can glide
Movement is uniaxial
Example:
- Intervertebral
- intercarpal
- Carpometacarpal
- costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal
15
Q
Saddle Joint
A
2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles Biaxial joints Example - Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
16
Q
Hinge Joint
A
Uniaxial movement Convex portion of one bone articulates with concave portion of another bone Examples - Elbow - Knee - Ankle
17
Q
Knee Joint
A
Meniscus: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface
Cruciate ligaments: extend between tibia and femur
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of tibia
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of tibia
18
Q
Ankle (talocural) Joint
A
Highly modified hinge joint Lateral and medial thickening of articular capsule to prevent side-to-side movement Ligaments of arch - Hold bones in proper relationship - Transfer weight
19
Q
Pivot Joint
A
Uniaxial movement Restricted movement around a single axis Cylindrical bony process that rotated within a ring of bone & ligaments Examples - Radius and ulna - Dens and atlas
20
Q
Ball and Socket
A
A ball (head) one one bone fits into socket of another Multiaxial movement Examples - Shoulder - Hip
21
Q
Hip (coxal) Joint
A
- Ball-and-socket with acetabulum deepened by fibrocartilage acetabular labrum and transverse acetabular ligament
- More stable but less mobile than shoulder joint
22
Q
Ellipsoid Joint
A
- Modified ball-and-socket joint
- Ellipsoid articular surface rather than ball
- Biaxial movement
- Hinge motion in 2 axes
- Restricted rotation
Example
- Atlantooccipital joint of neck
23
Q
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
A
- Combination plane and ellipsoid joint
- Fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior and inferior cavities
24
Q
Types of Movement
A
Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement Angular - Flexion and Extension * Hyperextension * Plantar and Dorsiflexion - Abduction and Adduction Circular - Rotation - Pronation and Supination - Circumduction
25
Flexion and Extension
Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane
Extension: movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane
26
Hyperextension
- Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion
- Can lead to breaks and/or dislocations
- Commonly used as submission method in Judo and Jui-jitsu
27
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Plantar flexion: standing on the toes
| Dorsiflexion: foot lifted toward the shin
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Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: movement away from the median plane
Adduction: movement toward the median plan
29
Circular Movements
Rotation: turning of a structure on its long axis
- Examples: rotation of the head, humerus, entire body
- Medial and lateral rotation; example, the rotation of the arm
Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm
- Pronation: palm faces posteriorly
- Supination: palm faces anteriorly
30
Circumduction
- Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
| - Appendage describes a cone
31
Special Movements
```
Unique to only one or two joints
Types
- Elevation and Depression
- Protraction and Retraction
- Excursion
- Opposition and Reposition
- Inversion and Eversion
```
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Elevation and Depression
Elevation: moves a structure superior
Depression: moves a structure inferior
Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the mouth
33
Protraction and Retraction
Protraction: gliding motion anteriorly
Retraction: moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Examples: scapulae and mandibles
34
Excursion
Lateral: moving mandible to the right or left of midline
Medial: return the mandible to the midline
35
Opposition and Reposition
Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
Re-position: return to anatomical position
36
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially
Eversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally
37
Range of motion
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The amount of mobility at a give joint
Active range of motion
- Movement by normal contraction
Passive range of motion
- Movement by an outside source
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38
Beyond Range of Motion
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Dislocation (luxation)
- Articulating surfaces out of alignment
Subluxation
- Partial dislocation
Sprain
- Ligaments are damaged
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39
Effects of Aging on Joints
1. Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases
2. Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more rigid
3. Production of synovial fluid declines
4. Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM)
5. Muscles around joints weaken
6. A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and decreased ROM
