A&P Chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
Senses
A
process by which the brain perceives info about the body and surrounding.
2
Q
Senses
A
process by which the brain perceives info about the body and surrounding.
3
Q
general sense
A
- receptors distributed across the body
- divided into somatic and visceral
4
Q
Special sense
A
- limited distribution
- specialized structures
smell, hearing,taste, sight.
5
Q
sensory receptor
A
classified by location
6
Q
cutaneous receptors
A
- associated with the skin
- external environment
- temp, pressure, touch
7
Q
viscerorecptors
A
- viscera and internal
- internal environment
pain, pressure, stretch
8
Q
proprioreceptors
A
- joints, tendons, and connective tissue
- body position, movement, muscle stretch.
where your extremities are
9
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
- compression, bending, stretching, pinching, or rubbing
- touch tickle, itch, balance, hearing
10
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
- chemicals ( liquid or gas)
- smell and taste
11
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
- changes in temperature
12
Q
Photoreceptors
A
- light and color
- vision
13
Q
nocireceptors ( pain receptors)
A
- painful mechanical, chemical, heat
14
Q
Free nerve endings
A
- pain, tickle, temperature, movement, and position
15
Q
general sense
A
- receptors distributed across the body
- divided into somatic and visceral
16
Q
Special sense
A
- limited distribution
- specialized structures
smell, hearing,taste, sight.
17
Q
sensory receptor
A
classified by location
18
Q
Ruffini end organs
A
pressure and continuous touch
19
Q
viscerorecptors
A
- viscera and internal
- internal environment
pain, pressure, stretch
20
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
- tendon tension
21
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
- compression, bending, stretching, pinching, or rubbing
- touch tickle, itch, balance, hearing
22
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
- chemicals ( liquid or gas)
- smell and taste
23
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
- changes in temperature
24
Q
Photoreceptors
A
- light and color
- vision
25
nocireceptors ( pain receptors)
- painful mechanical, chemical, heat
26
Free nerve endings
- pain, tickle, temperature, movement, and position
27
Merkel disks
- light touch and superficial pressure
28
Hair follicle receptors
slight bending of the hair and light touch
29
pacinian corpuscles
- deep pressure, vibration, and position
30
muscle spindle
muscle length (stretch reflex)
31
golgi tendon organs
- tendon tension
32
Muscle spindles
- 3-10 specialized skeletal muscle cells
- provide info about length of muscles
- involved in stretch reflex
33
Association areas
- areas adjacent to primary sensory areas
| - involved in recognition of stimuli
34
primary receptors
- conduct action potential in response to receptor potential
35
Secondary receptors
- have no axons
| - release neurotransmitters
36
Adaption
-decreases sensitivity to continued stimuli
| getting dressed
37
tonic receptors (slow adapting)
- generate action potential as long as there's a stimuli
38
Phasic receptors(rapidly adapting)
- sensitive to changes in stimuli
39
2 major ascending tracts
- spinothalamoc tract
| - dorsal column/ medial-lemniscal
40
Spinoolivary
contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance
41
spinotectal
involved in reflexes that turn the eyes and the head toward point of cutaneous stimulation
42
primary sensory areas
- where sensations are perceived
| - area must be intact for proper sensation
43
primary somatic sensory cortex
- occupies postcentral gyrus
- receives general sensory input
- organization is inverted
44
Two divisions
- somatic sensory association area
| - visual association area
45
primary motor cortex
- controls most voluntary movement
- function arranged topographically
- muscle groups with many motor units represented by large areas
46
premotor area
staging area for motor function organization
47
prefrontal area
planning and motivation of movements
| primates only
48
Motor tracts
- descending pathways carry signals from brain
- 2 groups
- direct pathways( pyramidal): maintaining muscle tone, speed and precision (mammal specific)
49
Indirect pathways
- less precise control
| - primitive, crude movement
50
Spinocerebellum
- consists of vermis and lateral hemisphere
- aids in fine motor coordination
- comparator function
51
Cerebrocerebellum
- rapid complex movements
- planning and practice
playing piano, golf swing (10,000 hr concept)
52
Reticular activation system
- regulates cyclical motor functions
- affected by visual and acoustic stimuli
- can trigger alertness
- lack of stimuli can trigger sleep
