A&P Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Skeleton
A
Average adult has 206 bones
Number varies and decreases with age
Axial skeleton
- Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles
2
Q
Skull
A
Composed of 22 different bones Protects the brain Supports vision, hearing, taste, & smell Intake of air, food, & fluid Calvaria is top or “skull cap”
3
Q
Skull
A
Brain case 2 parietal bones 2 temporal Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
4
Q
Superior View
A
4 bones are visible Pair parietal bones Frontal bone Occipital bone Coronal suture joins parietals to frontal bone Sagittal suture joins parietal bones Lambdoid joins parietals to occipital
5
Q
Posterior View
A
Parietals & occipital are visible Lambdoid suture joins parietals & occipital External occipital protuberance - Posterior surface of occipital - Attachment from ligamentum nuchae Nuchal lines - Small ridges - Attachment point for neck muscles
6
Q
Lateral View
A
Temporal bone - Contains auditory canal - Joined to parietal by squamous suture Mastoid process - Posterior to the ear that neck muscles attach Zygomatic - Cheekbone Mandible
7
Q
Anterior View
A
Maxilla - Interior to zygomatic Orbits - Nasolacrimal canal - Optic canal Nasal cavity Mandible
8
Q
Orbit
A
Nasolacrimal canal - Tears enter nasal cavity Optic canal - Optic nerve Superior & inferior fissure - Blood vessels and nerves Palantine bone - Medial wall
9
Q
Nasal Cavity
A
Nasal conchae - 3 bony shelves to increase surface area - Moistens and warms inhaled air Paranasal cavities - Large cavities to decrease weight - Act as resonating chambers - Named for bone they occupy
10
Q
Inferior View
A
Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Carotid canals Styloid process - Tongue, hyoid,& pharynx muscle Mandibular fossa Vomer - Posterior nasal septum
11
Q
Hyoid
A
- Unpaired
- No direct bony attachment to skeleton
- Muscle and ligaments attach it
- Provides attachment point for muscles of tongue and neck
12
Q
Vertebral Column (functions)
A
Functions
- Supports weight of head and trunk
- Protects the spinal cord
- Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
- Provides site for muscle attachment
- Permits movement of head and trunk
13
Q
Vertebral Column
A
Twenty-six bones in adult; 34 in embryo - 5 fuse to form sacrum - 4 or 5 coccygeal fuse to form the coccyx Regions - Cervical (7 vertebrae) - Thoracic (12 vertebrae) - Lumbar (5 vertebrae) - Sacral bone (1) - Coccygeal bone (1)
14
Q
Vertebrae
A
Body - Weight bearing portion Arch - Projects posteriorly from body Vertebral foramen - Opening in vertebrae Vertebral canal - Contains spinal cord
15
Q
Vertebrae
A
Transverse process - Extends laterally from arch Spinous process - Projects to posterior Intervertebral foramen - How spinal nerves exit spinal cord
16
Q
Intervertebral DIsks
A
Located between adjacent vertebrae
Functions
- Provide support
- Prevent vertebrae rubbing against each other
Consist of
- Annulus fibrosus: external
- Nucleus pulposus: internal and gelatinous
Becomes compressed with age and height decreases
With age, more susceptible to herniation
17
Q
Herniated or Ruptured Disk
A
Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus. May push against spinal nerves impairing function and causing pain.
18
Q
Cervical Vertebrae
A
Superior 7 vertebrae Have small bodies & transverse foramen Atlas - 1st cervical vertebrae - Articulates with skull in “yes” motion Axis - 2nd cervical vertebrae - Allows rotation of atlas in “no” movement - Modified process called “dens”
19
Q
Whiplash
A
- Hyperextension of cervical vertebrae
- Occurs when head “snaps back” as a result of sudden acceleration
- Commonly occurs in automobile accidents or athletic injuries
- Fracture of spinous process or herniated disk
- Posterior pressure on spinal cord
20
Q
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
- Long, thin spinous processes
- Long transverse processes
- First 10 have articular facets
- Facets on superior & inferior margins of the body connect ribs
21
Q
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
- Long, thin spinous processes directed inferiorly
- Long transverse processes
- Facets on body for articulation with ribs
22
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
Large thick bodies
Heavy, rectangular spinous processes
Number may vary depending on sacrum fusions
23
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
Large thick bodies
Heavy rectangular transverse and spinous processes
Superior articular facets face medially; inferior articular facets face laterally
- Adds strength
- Limits rotation
24
Q
Sacral Vertebrae
A
5 bones fused to form sacrum Transverse processes fuse Ala - Superior surface Auricular surface - Joins sacrum to pelvis Coccyx - tailbone
25
Sacrum and Coccyx
```
Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- Spinal nerves pass through foramen
Coccyx
- Tailbone
- 3-5 fused bones
- Easily broken
```
26
Rib cage
```
12 pairs of ribs
7 true ribs
- Articulate with sternum
5 false ribs
- Do not attach to sternum
- Vertebrochondral ribs have common cartilage
```
27
Sternum
Manubrium
- Articulates with first rib and clavicle
- Jugular notch superiorly
- Sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib articulates here
Body: third through seventh ribs articulate
- Also called gladiolus
Xiphoid process: inferior tip
28
Pectoral Girdle
```
Shoulder girdle
Scapula or “shoulder blade”
- Acromion process
Clavicle or “collar bone”
- Sigmoid curve
```
29
Arm
```
Humerus
Surgical neck
Greater & lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum: articulates with radius
Trochlea: articulates with ulna
```
30
Arm (Humerus)
```
Head
Neck: anatomic and surgical
Tubercles: greater and lesser
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum: rounded, articulates with radius
Trochlea: spool-shaped, articulates with ulna
Epicondyles
```
31
Forearm
```
Radius
- Thumb side
Ulna
- Little finger side
Trochlear notch
Olecranon: point of elbow
Head of ulna: articulates with radius & wrist
```
32
Forearm (Radius and Ulna)
```
Medial: thumb side
Proximal end
- Head rotates in radial notch of ulna.
- Radial tuberosity: site of biceps brachii insertion
Distal end
- Articulates with carpals and ulna
- Styloid process
```
33
Wrist
8 carpal bones
Proximal row (lateral to medial)
- Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, & pisiform
Distal row (lateral to medial)
- Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, & trapezium
34
Hand
5 metacarpals attached to carpals
Phalanges attach to metacarpals
Thumb has 2 phalanges
Other fingers have 3 phalanges
35
Pelvic Girdle
```
Pelvic girdle
- Sacrum
- Right coxal bone
- Left coxal bone
Point of attachment for lower limbs
Acetabulum
- Point where lower limb articulates
```
36
Coxal Bone
```
Formed by fusion of
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
All three bones join near acetabulum
```
37
Pelvis Comparison
Male pelvis
- More massive
Female pelvis
- Broader with larger pelvic inlet & outlet
38
Thigh
```
Femur
- Articulates with acetabulum
Greater & lesser trochanter
- Muscle attachment
Medial & lateral condyles
- Articulates with tibia
Patella or “kneecap”
- Sesamoid bone in tendon of quadriceps
```
39
Leg
```
Part of lower limb between knee & ankle
Tibia
- Longer and supports most weight
- shin
Fibula
- Does not articulate with femur
```
40
Foot
```
Talus: articulates with tibia & fibula
Calcaneous: heel bone
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
```
