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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 3 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

How many different types of human cells are there?

A

250

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3
Q

What are the three basic parts of human cells?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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4
Q

The plasma membrane acts as an ______

A

Active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the lipid bilayer made up of?

A

75% Phospholipids, 5% Glycolipids, 20% Cholesterol

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6
Q

What does Cholesterol do for the lipid bilayer?

A

Increases membrane stability

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7
Q

What is integral proteins function?

A

Transport protein (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors.

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8
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Transmembrane proteins. They go through the entire membrane

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9
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Loosely attached to integral proteins that are attached to the surface

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10
Q

What are peripheral proteins function?

A

Functions as enzymes, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contractions, and cell to cell connections.

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11
Q

What do carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form?

A

The gluycocalyx

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12
Q

What cells are not bound to any other cells?

A

Blood cells and sperm cells

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13
Q

What are the three ways cells are bound together to form tissues and organs?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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14
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cell and prevent molecules from passing between cells

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15
Q

Example of tight junctions

A

In the bladder to prevent leakage of urine

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16
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together and keeps cells from tearing apart

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17
Q

What is an example of desomosomes?

A

External layer of skin

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18
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell.

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19
Q

What are gap cells important for?

A

Heart cells and embryonic cells

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20
Q

Example of gap junctions

A

Cardiac cells

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21
Q

What are the two ways substances cross the plasma membrane?

A

Passive transport and active transport

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22
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Where molecules move along a concentration gradient.

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23
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

No

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24
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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25
What are the two types of active transport?
Primary active transport and secondary active transport
26
What is diffusion?
Natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Moving down a concentration gradient
27
What are the three types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier, and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein
28
What is simple diffusion?
Lipid-soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer
29
What is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier?
Specific for one chemical; binding of solute causes transport to change shape
30
What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein?
Mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge
31
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
32
Water follows ______
Solute
33
What does water follows solute mean?
Water moves by osmosis from areas of low solute (high water) concentration to high areas of solute (low water) concentration
34
What does active transport require?
Carrier proteins
35
What do carrier proteins do for active transport?
Bind specifically and reversibly with the substance being moved. Some carriers transport more than one substance
36
What does active transport do?
Moves solutes their concentration gradient (from low to high)
37
What do antiporters do?
They transport one substance into the cell while transporting a different substance out of the cell
38
What do symporters do?
Transports two different substances in the same direction?
39
What is primary active transport?
Required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis. Uses a calcium pump and a Na-K pump
40
What is secondary active transport?
Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport
41
What do vesicular transport processes in active transport include?
Endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis, and vesicular trafficking
42
What is endocytosis?
Transport into the cell
43
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
44
What is exocytosis?
Transport out of the cell
45
What is transcytosis?
Transport into, across, and then out of the cell
46
What is vesicular trafficking?
Transport from one area or organelle in the cell to another
47
What is the cytoplasm?
All cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
48
What is cytoplasm composed of?
Cytosol and other inclusions
49
What is the cytosol?
Gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc
50
What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?
Insoluble molecules that vary with cell type
51
Examples of insoluble molecules that vary with cell type
Glucogen, granules, pigments, lipids, droplets, vacuoles, crystals
52
What are organelles?
Metabolic machinery structures of the cell, each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous
53
What are the membranous organelles?
Mitochondria, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisomes, and lysosomes
54
What are the nonmembranous organelles?
Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles
55
What is the mitochrondria?
The site of ATP synthesis in the cell
56
What does the mitochondria contain their own of?
DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
57
What are ribosomes?
The site of protein synthesis
58
What are the two switchable forms of ribosomes?
Free and membrane-bound ribosomes
59
What are free ribosomes?
Free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
60
What are membrane-bound ribosomes?
Attached to membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from the cell
61
What are the two types of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and smooth ER
62
What is the rough ER?
Large organelle that makes proteins and sends them to the golgi apparatus
63
What is the smooth ER?
The site of lipid and steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism
64
What is the golgi apparatus?
Organelle that packages proteins and forms lysosomes
65
What are peroxisomes?
Site of free radical neutralization and detoxification
66
What are lysosomes?
The site of intracellular digestion. Contains digestive enzymes and digests ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
67
What do lysosomes degrade?
Nonfunctional organelles
68
What are the three types of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
69
What are microfilaments?
Strands made of spherical protein subunits called actin
70
What are intermediate filaments?
Tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetramer (4) fibrils
71
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin
72
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin
72
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin
73
What are centrioles?
A pair of barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that lie at right angles to each other. Newly assemble microtubules radiate from centrosome to rest of the cell.
74
What do centrioles aid in?
Cell division
75
What do centrioles form?
The basis of cilia and flagella
76
What are cilia?
Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells, used to propel substances across a cell
77
Example of cilia
In respiratory cells to sweep mucus along
78
What are cilia made up of?
Microtubules
79
What are flagella?
Longer extensions for movement of the whole cell
80
Example of flagella
Tail of sperm
81
What are flagella made of?
Microtubules
82
What are microvilli?
Minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from surface of select cells. Used to increase surface area for absorption
83
Example of microvilli
Intestinal and kidney tubule cells
84
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
85
What is the nuclear envelope?
Double-membrane barrier that encloses the jelly-like fluid, the nucleoplasm
86
What do nuclear pores allow?
Substances to pass into and out of the nucleus
87
What is the nucleolus the site of?
Ribosomal assembly
88
Most cells are ______
Uninucleate (one nucleus)
89
Skeletal muscle, certain blood cells, and some liver cells are _______
Multinucleate (many nuclei)
90
Red blood cells are _________
Anucleate (no nucleus)
91
The cell cycle acronym
PMAT
92
What does PMAT stand for?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
93
What order is the cell cycle?
Interphase --> Prophase --> Metaphase --> Anaphase --> Telophase --> Cytokinesis
94
What is prophase?
The miotic spindle, where it comes together
95
What is metaphase?
Where they line up
96
What is anaphase?
Where they are pulled apart
97
What is telophase?
Where the nucleolus forms, and the contractile ring at cleavage furrow
98
What is cytokenesis?
Cleavage furrow develops and the cytoplasm of the cell divides. Two daughter cells are pinched apart
99
When does cytokinesis begin?
During late anaphase and continues through mitosis
100
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
101
What does cells does apoptosis cause to neatly self-destruct?
Cancer, infected, and old cells
102
What is hyperplasia?
Accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed
103
What are the two types of hyperplasia?
Physiologic, and pathologic
104
What is physiologic hyperplasia?
Occurs due to a normal stressor
105
What are examples of physiologic hyperplasia?
Increased thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle, increased size of breast during pregnancy
106
What is pathologic hyperplasia?
Occurs due to an abnormal stressor
107
What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
Cell changes due to cancer
108
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in size that results from overstimulation or use
109
What is atrophy?
Decrease in size that results from loss of stimulatino or use

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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