A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Joints are classified by either ______ or ______
A
Function or structure
2
Q
What joints are classified based on function?
A
Synarthroses, Amphiartoses, and Diarthroses
3
Q
What joints are classified based on structure?
A
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints
4
Q
Motion ranges from ___ movement to _____ movement
A
No movement to extensive movement
5
Q
The structure of each joint determines what?
A
It’s mobility and stability
6
Q
There is an inverse relationship (trade off) between what?
A
Mobility and stability
7
Q
What is an example of the inverse relationship between mobility and stability?
A
Skull sutures are immobile but very stable
8
Q
What are fibrous joints?
A
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue. They have no joint cavity, and most are immovable
9
Q
Fibrous joints are mostly immovable, but what does it depend on?
A
The length of connective tissue fibers
10
Q
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
A
Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
11
Q
What are sutures?
A
Rigid, interlocking joints of the skull, which allows for growth during youth
12
Q
How do sutures allow for growth during youth?
A
Contains short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion
13
Q
What happens to sutures in middle age?
A
They ossify and fuse. These immovable joints join the skull into one unit that protects the brain
14
Q
What are syndesmoses?
A
Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
15
Q
Why does movement vary in syndesmoses?
A
Fiber length varies, so movement varies
16
Q
The inferior tibiofibular joint is an example of what joint type?
A
Short fibers in syndesmosis (offers little to no movement)
17
Q
The interosseous membrane connecting the radius and ulna is an example of what joint type?
A
Longer fibers in syndesmoses offers a larger amount of movement)
18
Q
What are gomphoses?
A
Peg-in-socket joints
19
Q
What is the only example of gomphoses?
A
Teeth in the alveolar sockets
20
Q
What is the fibrous connection of a tooth in the alveolar socket, and what does it do?
A
The periodontal ligament holds the tooth in socket
21
Q
What are cartilaginous joints?
A
Bones united by cartilage, that has no joint cavity, and is not highly movable
22
Q
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
A
Synchondroses and symphyses
23
Q
What are synchondroses?
A
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones.
24
Q
Almost all synchondroses are ______?
A
Synarthotic (immovable)
25
What is an example of synchondroses?
Temporary epiphyseal plate joints, which become synostoses after plate closure
26
What is an example of synchondroses?
The cartilage of the 1st rib that connects to the manubrium of the sternum
27
What are symphyses?
Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis
28
Hyaline cartilage is also present in the symphysis joint as what?
Articular cartilage on bony surfaces
29
Symphyses are strong and _____ joints
Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
30
What are 2 examples of symphyses?
Intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis
31
What are synovial joints?
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
32
All synovial joints are ______
Diarthrotic (freely moveable)
33
Synovial joints include almost all ____ ______
Limb joints
34
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
Classified into 6 different types, has multiple features for support and stability, has bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them, stability is influenced by several factors, and allows several types of movements
35
What are the 6 synovial joint shapes?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket
36
Synovial joints have how many general features?
6
37
What is articular cartilage?
Consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones, this prevents crushing of bone ends
38
What is the joint/synovial cavity?
Small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
39
What is the articular/joint capsule
Has two layers:
External fibrous layer made of dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane made of loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
40
What is synovial fluid?
A slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid. It lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage. It also contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
41
What are the 6 features of synovial joints?
1. They have different types of reinforcing ligaments
2. They have nerves and blood vessels
3. They have synovial fluid
4. They have articular cartilage
5. They have a joint/synovial cavity
6. They have a articular/joint cavity
42
Some synovial joints have what two features?
Fatty pads and articular discs/menisci
43
What are fatty pads for?
For cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
44
What are articular discs/menisci?
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilizes joint, and reduces wear and tear
45
What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
Bags of synovial fluid that act as a lubricating "ball bearing"
46
Are bursae and tendon sheaths part of synovial joints?
Not strictly, but they are closely associated with synovial joints
47
What do bursae do?
Reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
48
What are tendon sheaths?
Elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
49
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points, what are they?
Origin and insertion
50
What is an origin of a muscle?
Attatchment to immovable bone
51
What is an insertion of a muscle?
Attachment to moveable bone
52
Muscle contraction causes _____ to move toward _____
Insertion to move toward origin
53
Movements occur along which three planes?
Transverse, frontal, or sagittal
54
What are the ranges of motion allowed by synovial joints, and what are they?
Nonaxial = slipping movements only
Uniaxial = movement in one plane
Biaxial = movement in two planes
Multiaxial = movement in or around all three planes
55
What are the three general types of movements?
Gliding, angular movements, rotation
56
What are gliding movements?
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
57
What are examples of gliding movements?
Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and between articular processes of vertebrae
58
What are angular movements?
A movement along the sagittal plane that increases or decreases the angle between two bones
59
What does angular movements include?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
60
What is flexion?
Decreases the angle of the joint
61
What is extension?
Increases the angle of the joint
62
What is hyperextension?
Movement beyond the anatomical position
63
What is abduction?
Movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
64
What is adduction?
Movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
65
What is circumduction?
Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb. The limb describes cone in space
66
What is rotation?
Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
67
What is medial rotation?
Rotation toward midline
68
What is lateral rotation?
Rotation away from midline
69
What are two examples of rotation?
Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae, and the rotation of humerus and femur
70
What are the special movements of synovial joints?
Supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, opposition
71
What is supination and pronation?
Rotation of the radius and ulna
72
What is supination?
Palms face anteriorly, radius and ulna are parallel (think anatomical position)
73
What is pronation?
Palms face posteriorly, radius rotates over ulna
74
What is dorsiflexion?
Bending foot towards shin
75
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing toes
76
What is inversion?
Sole of foot faces medially
77
What is eversion?
Sole of foot faces laterally
78
What is protraction?
Mandible juts out
79
What is retraction?
Mandible is pulled towards the neck
80
What is elevation?
Lifting body part superiorly
81
What is an example of elevation?
Shrugging shoulders
82
What is depression?
Lowering body part
83
What is an example of depression?
Opening jaw
84
What is opposition?
Movement of thumb
85
What is an example of opposition?
Touching thumb to fingertips on the same hand
86
Where is the temporomandibular joint?
The head of mandible articulates with temporal bone
87
What is the only mobile joint between the bones in the skull?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
88
What type(s) of joint(s) is the TMJ joint?
Hinge and gliding
89
What is an example of the TMJ being a gliding joint?
Side-to-side grinding of teeth
90
What is a TMJ disorder?
Alteration in the ligaments securing the joint, and the articular disc is forced out of normal position
91
What are symptoms of a TMJ disorder?
Ear and face pain, tender muscles, popping sounds when opening mouth, and joint stiffness
92
What causes TMJ disorders?
Usually by grinding teeth, but can also be due to jaw trauma or poor occlusion of teeth
93
What are the treatments for TMJ disorders?
Bite plate (for teeth grinding) and relaxing jaw muscles
94
What is the most freely moving joint in the body?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
95
Why is the glenohumeral joint the most freely moving?
Stability is sacrificed for freedom of movement
96
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball-and-Socket
97
How is the glenohumeral joint a ball-and-socket joint?
Head of humerus fits in the small, shallow glenoid cavity of scapula
98
The articular capsule inclosing the cavity of the glenohumeral joint is characterized as what?
Thin and loose, which contributes to movement
99
What decreases friction in the glenohumeral joint?
Bursa
100
Due to the mobility of the shoulder, what is a common injury?
Shoulder dislocations
101
Why are shoulder dislocations common, besides the movement?
Structures reinforcing the glenohumeral joint are weakest anteriorly and inferiorly, so the head of humerus can easily dislocate forward and downward. The glenoid cavity provides poor support when the humerus is rotated laterally and abducted
102
What are examples of shoulder dislocation mechanisms?
When a football player uses his arm to tackle an opponent, and blows to the top and back of shoulder
103
What is termed a "shoulder separation?"
Refers to acromioclavicular dislocation
104
What are signs of acromioclavicular dislocation / shoulder separation?
Pain when the arm is abducted more than 90 degrees, and the acromion appearing prominent
105
What is a subluxation?
Incomplete dislocation
106
What is Nursemaid's elbow?
Subluxation of the head of the radius. The head of the radius is pulled out of the annular ligament
107
What age group does Nursemaid's elbow occur in?
Almost exclusively in children, usually <5 years
108
Why does Nursemaid's elbow occur in children?
A child's annular ligament is thin, and the radial head is not fully formed
109
How can Nursemaid's elbow be corrected?
A doctor may maneuver the radial head back into annular ligament
110
What type of joint is the coxal (hip) joint?
Ball-and-socket
111
Why is the coxal joint a ball-and-socket joint?
The large, spherical head of the femur articulates with the deep cup-shaped acetabulum of the os coxa
112
The coxal joint has a good range of motion, but it's limited by what?
The deep socket
113
Common knee injuries involve the 3 C's, what are they, and how are they caused?
1. Collateral ligaments = struck from side
2. Cruciate ligaments: ACL = hyperextended / Cruciate ligaments: PCL = hyperflexed
3. Cartilages (menisci) = trauma and/or overuse
114
What is the "unhappy triad"?
Lateral blows to an extended knee can result in tears in the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
115
What causes cartilage tears?
Compression and shear stress
116
Fragments from a cartilage tear can cause the joint to do what?
Lock or bind
117
Unfortunately in cartilage tears, the cartilage rarely does what?
Rarely repairs itself
118
How is a cartilage tear repaired?
Arthoscopic surgery
119
If the menisci is partially removed, what happens to the knee joint?
The joint is less stable, but mobile
120
If the menisci is completely removed, what happens to the knee joint?
Osteoarthritis can occur
121
Meniscal transplants are possible in ______ patients
Younger
122
What is a sprain?
Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
123
What are common sites for a sprain?
Ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back
124
Why do partial tears of the reinforcing ligaments repair very slowly?
Poor vascularization
125
What are three options is the reinforcing ligaments are torn completely?
1. Ends of ligaments can be sewn together
2. Replacement with grafts
3. Allow time and immobilization for healing
126
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
127
How is bursitis treated?
With rest and ice, if it's severe, anti-inflammatory drugs
128
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, usually caused by overuse
129
The symptoms and treatment of tendonitis is similar to what condition?
Bursitis
130
What is a dislocation?
Bones are forced out of alignment
131
What accompanies a dislocation?
Sprains, inflammation, difficulty moving joint
132
What causes dislocations?
Serious falls or contact sports
133
Dislocations must be ______ to treat
Reduced
134
What is osteoarthritis (OA)?
The most common type of arthritis. Irreversible, degenerative ("wear-and-tear") arthritis
135
What can osteoarthritis reflect?
Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage. Cartilage is broken down faster than it is replaces. Bone spurs (osteophytes) may form from thickened ends of bones
136
By age 85, how much of Americans develop OA?
Half
137
Which sex is more affected by OA?
Women
138
OA is usually a part of what process?
The normal aging process
139
What is crepitus in OA?
Joints may be stiff, and may create a crunching noise upon rising, which is called crepitus
140
What are treatments for OA?
Moderate activity, mild pain relivers, capsaicin creams
141
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA?)
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
142
What is an autoimmune disease?
Immune system attacks own cells
143
When does RA occur?
Usually between the ages of 40 and 50, but can occur at any age
144
Which sex is more affected by RA, and by how much
Women are three times more affected than men
145
What are the signs and symptoms of RA?
Joint pain and swelling that is usually bilateral, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
146
What is gouty arthritis?
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
147
What sex is more affected by gouty arthritis?
Men
148
Where does gouty arthritis typically occur?
The joint at the base of the great toe
149
What happens in untreated gouty arthritis?
Bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
150
What are treatments for gouty arthritis?
Drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines, such as liver, kidneys, and sardines
