A + P II - FINAL EXAM

Question 1

What are the three mechanisms hormone release is controlled by?

Answer 1

• nervous stimuli
• humoral stimuli
• hormonal stimuli

Question 2

The _____ secrete calcitriol, erythropoietin, and renin.

Answer 2

kidneys

Question 3

The _____ controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into a portal system

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

True or False

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an endocrine organ.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

_____ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Answer 5

Hormones

Question 6

Removing the _____ glands would result in a drop in blood calcium levels and cardiac arrhythmias.

Answer 6

parathyroid

Question 7

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause _____.

Answer 7

gigantism

Question 8

The _____ glands respond in emergencies and helps the body adjust to stress.

Answer 8

adrenal

Question 9

Determine if the statement is true or false:

• Steroid hormones bind to receptors within the cell.
• Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla.
• Steroid hormones are produced by reproductive glands.
• Steroid hormones are made from lipids.

Answer 9

• Steroid hormones bind to receptors within the cell. True
• Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla. False
• Steroid hormones are produced by reproductive glands. True
• Steroid hormones are made from lipids. True

Question 10

Having a mother who is _____ and a baby who is _____ may result in a hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Answer 10

• Rh negative
• Rh positive

Question 11

_____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Answer 11

Coagulation

Question 12

The function of red blood cells is to carry _____ to the cells and then carry away _____.

Answer 12

• oxygen
• carbon dioxide

Question 13

_____ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Answer 13

Monocytes

Question 14

Type AB blood RBCs have the _____ surface antigens and _____ plasma antibodies.

Answer 14

• A & B
• no A or B

Question 15

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ____.

Answer 15

erythropoietin

Question 16

Determine if the statement is true or false:
- increased heart rate will increase cardiac output.
- increased parasympathetic stimulation will increase cardiac output.
- increased venous return will increase cardiac output.
- increased sympathetic stimulation will increase cardiac output.

Answer 16

• increased heart rate will increase cardiac output. True
• increased parasympathetic stimulation will increase cardiac output. False
• increased venous return will increase cardiac output. True
• increased sympathetic stimulation will increase cardiac output. True

Question 17

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to _____ channels remaining open.

Answer 17

calcium

Question 18

The P wave of the electrocardiogram represents _____ of the atria.

Answer 18

depolarization

Question 19

The _____ node is the normal pacemaker of the heart.

Answer 19

sinoatrial (SA)

Question 20

The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents _____ of the ventricles.

Answer 20

depolarization

Question 21

_____ is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction.

Answer 21

Stroke volume

Question 22

Cardiac muscle cells are found in the _____ layer in the heart wall.

Answer 22

myocardium

Question 23

The _____ deliver blood to the myocardium.

Answer 23

coronary arteries

Question 24

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the _____.

Answer 24

thoracic duct

Question 25

Specific immune defenses include activating _____ to become plasma cells.

Answer 25

B cells

Question 26

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to ______ antigens.

Answer 26

process

Question 27

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to bind ______ to MHC II proteins on the outside of the cell.

Answer 27

antigens

Question 28

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to _____ helper T cells.

Answer 28

activate

Question 29

The primary function of the _____ system is defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Answer 29

immune

Question 30

List the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation:

Answer 30

- Pain - Redness - Heat - Swelling

Question 31

_____ are chemicals that can be detected in the blood of someone running a fever.

Answer 31

Pyrogens

Question 32

Determine if the statement is true or false: * The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in neutralization of the antigen. * The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in agglutination or precipitation. * The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in complement activation and opsonization.

Answer 32

* The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in neutralization of the antigen. True * The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in agglutination or precipitation. True * The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in complement activation and opsonization. True

Question 33

The human immunodeficiency virus targets _____ lymphocytes.

Answer 33

helper T

Question 34

Venous _____ are responsible for preventing backflow and channeling blood toward the heart.

Answer 34

valves

Question 35

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the _____.

Answer 35

lungs

Question 36

_____ veins carry blood to the left atrium.

Answer 36

Pulmonary

Question 37

The left ventricle pumps blood to the _____.

Answer 37

aorta

Question 38

What three factors affect total peripheral resistance?

Answer 38

- Blood viscosity - Blood vessel length - Blood vessel diameter

Question 39

_____ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Answer 39

Tidal volume

Question 40

If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, the volume of the lungs _____.

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ______.

Answer 41

hemoglobin

Question 42

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _____.

Answer 42

bicarbonate ions

Question 43

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are at the _____.

Answer 43

alveoli

Question 44

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Answer 44

greater

Question 45

The most important chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions is ______.

Answer 45

carbon dioxide

Question 46

The function of _______ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Answer 46

pulmonary ventilation

Question 47

Determine if the statement is true or false: * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood thermoregulation. * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood pressure. * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood ion levels. * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood pH.

Answer 47

* The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood thermoregulation. False * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood pressure. True * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood ion levels. True * The kidneys assist in the regulation of blood pH. True

Question 48

Blood enters the glomerulus through the ______ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus through the _____ arteriole.

Answer 48

- afferent - efferent

Question 49

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are _____ capillaries.

Answer 49

peritubular

Question 50

Capillaries that surround the nephron loop are ______ capillaries.

Answer 50

vasa recta

Question 51

The process of glomerular _____ is driven by blood hydrostatic pressure

Answer 51

filtration

Question 52

The kidneys can increase blood pressure by increasing secretion of _____ by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Answer 52

renin

Question 53

_____ increase excretion of sodium ions.

Answer 53

Atrial naturetic peptides (ANP)

Question 54

_____ increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Answer 54

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 55

_____ increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Answer 55

Aldosterone

Question 56

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys secrete more _____ into urine and synthesize more _____.

Answer 56

- hydrogen ions - bicarbonate ions.

Question 57

During the micturition reflex: * Stimulation of _____ receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord * The _____ sphincter is subconsciously relaxed. * The _____ sphincter is consciously relaxed.

Answer 57

* Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord * The internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed. * The external sphincter is consciously relaxed.

Question 58

Prolonged vomiting can result in metabolic _____.

Answer 58

alkalosis

Question 59

Prolonged diarrhea can lead to metabolic _____.

Answer 59

acidosis

Question 60

Hypoventilation leads to respiratory _____.

Answer 60

acidosis