A+P II - UNIT 1 LECTURE Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Identify the class of hormone by its characteristics:
- Lipid
- Receptor on the cell membrane
- Synthesized in the adrenal medulla
- Synthesized in the adrenal cortex
- Receptor inside the cell
- Made from cholesterol
- Made from amino acids
A
Steroid - Lipid
Protein - Receptor on the cell membrane
Protein - Synthesized in the adrenal medulla
Steroid - Synthesized in the adrenal cortex
Steroid - Receptor inside the cell
Steroid - Made from cholesterol
Protein - Made from amino acids
2
Q
In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are:
- Fast to appear OR Slow to appear
- Short-lasting OR Long-lasting
A
- Slow to appear
- Long-lasting
3
Q
A _____ hormone is able to pass easily through a target cell’s plasma membrane because they are lipid soluble.
A
Steroid
4
Q
A _____ hormone receptor is on the cell surface because it cannot pass through the cell’s plasma membrane.
A
Protein
5
Q
What two hormones are stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
A
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
6
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
Only endocrine glands secrete hormones.
A
False
7
Q
What network of blood vessels connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
A
Hypophyseal portal system
8
Q
Why does the hypothalamus act as both a neural and endocrine organ?
A
- Neurosecretory cells secrete hormones
- Neurons send action potentials (ANS)
9
Q
What stimulus influences the release of ADH?
A
Dehydration
10
Q
What organ does ADH target?
A
Kidney
11
Q
What is the primary action of ADH?
A
Decreases the amount of H2O lost at the kidneys by increasing reabsorption of H2O into the blood
12
Q
What is the condition caused by too MUCH growth hormone in a developing child?
A
Gigantism
13
Q
What is the condition caused by too LITTLE growth hormone in a developing child?
A
Pituitary dwarfism
14
Q
What are the effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors on muscle and bones?
A
Protein synthesis by increasing amino acid uptake.
15
Q
Name two stimuli that lead to the thyroid secreting more thyroid hormone:
A
- Decreased blood levels of T3 and T4.
- Decreased basal body temperature.
16
Q
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that tells the thyroid to secrete more thyroid hormone?
A
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
17
Q
What is an enlarged thyroid gland associated with hypothyroidism called?
A
Goiter
18
Q
Complete the sentences for the functions of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
- They _____ protein synthesis.
- They _____ metabolism.
- They _____ glucose use.
A
- They increase protein synthesis.
- They increase metabolism.
- They increase glucose use.
19
Q
The hormone _____ decreases blood calcium levels.
A
calcitonin
20
Q
The hormone _____ increases blood calcium levels and removes calcium from the bones
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
21
Q
Removal of the parathyroid glands would result in _____ blood Ca+2 levels.
A
decreased
22
Q
What is the stimuli that leads to cortisol being released?
A
Stress
23
Q
Which gland secretes cortisol?
A
Adrenal cortex
24
Q
What 2 effects does cortisol have on the body?
A
- Decreased inflammation (Immunosuppression)
- Increased metabolism
25
What hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to stress?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
26
Addison's is a condition of _____ cortical hormone secretion.
decreased
27
Cushing's is a condition of _____ cortical hormone secretion.
increased
28
What endocrine organ is responsible for blood glucose levels?
Pancreas
29
What pancreas hormone is secreted when blood glucose is too high?
Insulin
30
What pancreas hormone is secreted when blood glucose is too low?
Glucagon
31
Type _____ diabetes is caused when the immune system attacks the pancreas.
1
32
Type _____ diabetes is caused by lifestyle factors.
2
33
The hormone _____ stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose.
glucagon
34
The hormone _____ stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose.
insulin
35
What are the three symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
1. Polyuria - increased urination
2. Polydipsia - increased thirst
3. Polyphagia - increased hunger
36
List the components of blood from highest concentration to lowest:
1. Plasma
2. Red blood cells
3. Platelets
4. White blood cells
37
Match the cells with their function:
1. Red blood cell
2. White blood cell
3. Platelet
1. Red blood cell - Transports oxygen
2. White blood cell - Defends against disease
3. Platelet - Clotting
38
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
1. Transportation
2. Protection
3. Regulation
39
What are the two principle components of the blood?
1. Plasma
2. Formed elements
40
List three major classes of plasma proteins:
1. Albumin
2. Globulins (α, β, γ)
3. Fibrinogen
41
What does hemopoiesis mean?
The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
42
Where the majority of plasma proteins made?
Liver
43
What is plasma composed of?
1. Water (92%)
2. Plasma (7%)
3. Dissolved molecules and ions (1%) (hormones)
44
Red blood cells transport _____ to body tissues and carry _____ away.
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
45
What molecule in red blood cells carries oxygen?
Hemoglobin
46
1. What is the stimulus that leads to erythropoiesis?
2. What is the name of the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis?
3. What organ secretes it?
4. What is its target?
1. Hypoxemia (decreased oxygen levels in blood)
2. Erythropoietin (EPO)
3. Kidneys
4. Red bone marrow
47
Identify the leukocyte:
Increase in _____ with bacteria infection.
neutrophils
48
Identify the leukocyte:
In an allergic reaction, _____ secrete histamine.
basophils
49
Identify the leukocyte:
Increase in _____ with parasite infection.
eosinophils
50
Large phagocytic cell that spends of its time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells is a _____.
monocyte
51
What is the overall function of leukocytes?
Defends the body against infection and disease.
52
What is the term used when a neutrophil "eats" a bacteria?
Phagocytosis
53
Are basophils phagocytes?
No, basophils are involved in controlling allergic reactions by secreting histamine.
54
What is the name of the cell from which platelets come?
Megakaryocytes
55
List the 3 steps in hemostasis:
1. Vasospasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Coagulation
56
How would removing Ca+2 from blood affect coagulation?
Prevent coagulation
57
What could a lack of vitamin K result in?
Hemorrhaging
58
A function of the blood is to _____ nutrients and wastes.
transport
59
A function of the blood is to _____ body heat.
regulate/transport
60
A function of the blood is _____ against toxins and pathogens.
defense
61
The majority of blood is composed of _____.
plasma
62
The majority of plasma proteins are made in the _____.
liver
63
The most abundant formed element in blood is _____.
erythrocytes
64
The molecule that binds oxygen in red blood cells is _____.
hemoglobin
65
All bone cells are made in _____.
red bone marrow
66
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone _____.
erythropoietin
67
The function of red blood cells is to carry _____ to the cells and then carry away _____.
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
68
The function of white blood cells is to _____ the body against infectious organisms.
defend
69
Type AB blood would have type _____ antigens and _____ plasma antibodies.
- A and B surface
- no
70
TRUE OR FALSE?
A person needs to be exposed to the Rh antigen to develop Rh antibodies.
True
71
_____ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
72
_____ release histamines.
Basophils
73
_____ are increased in parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
74
_____ are increased in bacterial infections.
Neutrophils
75
Basophils are involved in controlling allergic reactions by secreting _____.
histamine
76
Removal of calcium ions from blood would _____ coagulation.
prevent
77
Rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of _____.
hemorrhaging
78
_____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Coagulation
79
Thrombocytes are pieces of a larger cell called a _____.
megakaryocyte
80
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation lead to the _____.
final common pathway
81
List the order of hemostasis:
1. Vasospasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Coagulation
82
Type O blood would have _____ antigens and Type _____ plasma antibodies
- no
- A and B
83
Macrophages in the _____ and _____ breakdown old red blood cells.
- liver
- spleen
84
The heme portion of hemoglobin is converted to _____.
bilirubin
85
Taking synthetic erythropoietin will result in an _____ in erythrocytes.
increase
86
The buffy coat consists of _____ and _____.
- platelets
- white blood cells
87
_____ transports oxygen through the body.
Erythrocytes
88
_____ are cell fragments that are involved in blood clotting.
Platelets
89
_____ are the most numerous type of leukocyte.
Neutrophils
90
_____ are primarily involved in the allergic response.
Basophils
91
The plasma protein _____ draws water into blood vessels by osmosis.
albumin
92
Type _____ is considered the universal donor.
O-
93
Type _____ blood is considered the universal recipient.
AB+
94
The average life span of an erythrocyte is _____.
120 days
95
The globin portion of hemoglobin is broken down into _____ and recycled.
amino acids
96
The plasma protein _____ breaks down fibrin clots.
plasmin
97
List the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep.
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
98
Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest?
Myocardium
99
What cells make up the myocardium?
Cardiac muscle cells
100
Why is the left ventricle 3 times thicker than the right ventricle?
The left ventricle has to pump harder to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood into the long systemic circuit.
101
What is the purpose of the heart valves?
To control the flow of blood through the heart and prevent blood backflow.
102
What makes the "Lubb" heart sound?
The closing of the AV valves.
103
What makes the "Dubb" heart sound?
The closing of the semilunar valves.
104
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?
They prevent the backflow of blood into the atria.
105
What is the function of the semilunar valves?
They prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.
106
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
107
What supplies blood to the myocardium?
Coronary arteries
108
Superior and inferior vena cava to the _____.
The right atrium flows through the right AV valve into the _____.
Blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the _____.
Blood is distributed by the right and left pulmonary arteries to the _____.
The lungs to the pulmonary veins to the _____.
The left atrium flows through the left AV valve into the _____.
Through the aortic valve into the _____.
Blood in the aorta to _____.
Superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
The right atrium flows through the right AV valve into the right ventricle.
Blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk.
Blood is distributed by the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
The lungs to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
The left atrium flows through the left AV valve into the left ventricle.
Through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta.
Blood in the aorta to the body.
109
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an _____ organ.
endocrine
110
Hormone release may be controlled by which 3 factors?
- Hormonal
- Humoral
- Nervous
111
TRUE OR FALSE?
Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla.
FALSE
112
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) by secreting, releasing and inhibiting hormones into a _____ system.
hypophyseal portal
113
_____ are chemical messengers that are released from on tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
114
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause _____.
gigantism
115
Insufficient secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause _____.
pituitary dwarfism
116
_____ is released from the anterior pituitary and causes the thyroid to secrete _____ hormone.
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Thyroid
117
The three hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex are:
1. Aldosterone (salt)
2. Cortisol (sugar)
3. Androgens (sex)
118
The adrenal medulla secretes _____ and _____.
- epinephrine
-norepinephrine
119
The kidneys secrete _____, the active form of vitamin D.
calcitriol
120
The kidneys secrete _____, which increases red blood cell production.
erythropoietin
121
The kidneys secrete _____, an enzyme that regulates sodium ion concentration.
renin
122
The _____ responds in emergencies to help the body adjust to stress by secreting the hormone _____.
- adrenal cortex
- cortisol
123
The _____ gland secretes _____ that increases blood calcium levels.
- parathyroid
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
124
The primary function of _____ is to decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
125
The regulatory effects of the endocrine system are _____ to appear but _____ lasting.
- slow
- long
126
A decrease in basal body temperature will stimulate the release of _____ hormone.
thyroid
127
The hormone _____ will decrease blood glucose levels.
insulin
128
The hormone _____ will increase blood glucose levels.
glucagon
129
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely caused by _____.
autoimmune
130
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is most likely caused by _____.
lifestyle factors
131
Most hormones secreted by the hypothalamus pass into _____that branch from the superior hypophyseal artery and reach the _____ pituitary.
- capillary beds
- anterior
132
Oxytocin (OXT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the _____ and are stored in the _____ pituitary.
- hypothalamus
- posterior
133
What are the three P's of Diabetes Mellitus?
1. Polyuria
2. Polydipsia
3. Polyphagia
134
Growth hormone will cause the _____ to make and secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).
liver
135
Parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid synthesize the hormone _____.
calcitonin
136
Follicular cells in the thyroid gland synthesize the hormone _____.
T3 & T4 (Thyroid Hormones)
137
Beta cells in the pancreas synthesize the hormone _____.
insulin
138
Alpha cells in the pancreas synthesize the hormone _____.
glucagon
139
The zona glomerulosa synthesizes the hormone _____.
aldosterone
140
The zona fasciculata synthesizes the hormone _____.
cortisol
141
The stimulus responsible for the release of insulin is an _____ in blood glucose.
increase
142
The stimulus responsible for the release of the parathyroid hormone is a _____ in blood calcium levels.
decrease
143
The anterior pituitary is also called the _____ and the posterior pituitary is called the _____.
- adenohypophysis
- neurohypophysis
144
Most of the middle layer in the heart is composed of _____ muscle cells.
cardiac
145
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the _____.
lungs
146
The _____ delivers blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
147
In the systemic circuit, the left ventricle pumps blood to the _____.
aorta
148
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to _____ channels remaining open.
calcium
149
_____ voltage-gated channels and T-type _____ channels open in SA node nodal cells when the cell repolarizes to -60 mV from the previous cycle.
- Slow Na+
- Ca+2
150
The opening of these _____ voltage-gated channels takes the nodal cells to threshold of -60 mV to -40 mV causing _____ L-type channels to depolarize the nodal cell.
- cation
- Ca+2
151
The long plateau phase of the cardiac contractile cells prevents _____.
tetany
152
The sinoatrial nodal cells exhibit _____ because they spontaneously depolarize and initiate action potentials without external influence.
autorhythmicity
153
The _____ arteries supply blood to the myocardium.
coronary
154
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in the _____.
sinoatrial node
155
Increased sympathetic stimulation will _____ cardiac output.
increase
156
Increased venous return will _____ cardiac output.
increase
157
Increased heart rate will _____ cardiac output.
increase
158
Increased parasympathetic stimulation will _____ cardiac output.
decrease
159
_____ volume is the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single heartbeat.
Stroke
160
The _____ phase in the cardiac cycle is when all the valves are closed.
systolic isovolumetric
161
The _____ phase in the cardiac cycle is when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open.
systolic ejection
162
_____ of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the QRS complex.
Depolarization
163
_____ of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the P-wave.
Depolarization
164
The _____ allows each cardiomyocyte to electrically stimulate the cells that lie adjacent to it.
intercalated discs
165
Heart valves control the flow of blood through the heart and prevent blood _____.
backflow
166
_____ veins carry oxygen-rich blood, whereas _____ arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
- Pulmonary
- pulmonary
167
The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the _____, whereas the aorta receives oxygenated blood from the _____.
- right atrium
- left ventricle
168
List the order of heart wall layers, from outermost to innermost:
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
169
The _____ ventricle has to pump harder to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood into the long systematic circuit.
left
170
The _____ ventricle does not need to generate as much pressure since the pulmonary circuit is shorter and provides less resistance.
right
171
A normal heartbeat by the SA node is called the _____.
sinus rhythm
172
Oxygenated blood leaves the heart from the _____ atrium into the _____ ventricle, which pumps it through the _____ valve into the _____.
- left
- left
- aortic
- ascending aorta
173
List the structures through which electrical impulses pass, from initiation to culmination in the cardiac conduction system:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle branch
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
174
A heart rate of 120 bpm would be considered _____.
tachycardia
175
A heart rate of 50 bpm would be considered _____.
bradycardia
176
The closing of the _____ valves makes the "lubb" heart sounds.
atrioventricular (AV)
177
The closing of the _____ valves makes the "dubb" heart sounds.
semilunar
178
Write the formula for cardiac output:
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output
179
TRUE OR FALSE:
The left atria and right ventricle contract together and then the right atria and right ventricle contract together.
False
180
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node (Generates an action potential)
181
What structures allow for action potentials stared at the SA node to transmit to all the myocardia?
Intercalated discs
182
What is a normal heartbeat by the SA node called?
Sinus rhythm
183
ACTION POTENTIAL OF A SINOATRIAL NODAL CELL:
When the voltage reaches the RMP, slow voltage-gated _____ channels open. This changes the internal charge from -60 mV to -55 mV opening up voltage-gated _____ channels. This takes the internal charge to the threshold of -40 mV opening voltage-gated _____ channels, and depolarizing the nodal cell to +1 mV. At the peak of +1 mV, _____ channels close, and voltage-gated _____ channels open causing the nodal cell to _____ to -60 mV, starting the process over.
When the voltage reaches the RMP, slow voltage-gated Na+ channels open. This changes the internal charge from -60 mV to -55 mV, opening up voltage-gated T Ca+2 channels. This takes the internal charge to the threshold of -40 mV, opening voltage-gated L Ca+2 channels, and depolarizing the nodal cell to +1 mV. At the peak of +1 mV, L Ca+2 channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open, causing the nodal cell to repolarize to -60 mV, starting the process over.
184
Identify the portion of the ECG that coincides with each of the following events:
- P-wave
- QRS
- T-wave
- P-wave: Atrial depolarization
- QRS: Ventricular depolarization/Artial repolarization
- T-wave: Ventricular repolarization
185
What does an ECG measure?
The cardiac conduction system.
186
Ventricular contraction and constriction are known as _____, whereas ventricular relaxation and expansion are known as _____.
- systole
- diastole
187
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the _____.
systolic ejection phase
188
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, except:
a. increased parasympathetic stimulation
b. increased sympathetic stimulation
c. increased venous return
d. increased heart rate
a. increased parasympathetic stimulation
189
_____ is the volume of blood a ventricle pumps out during one contraction.
Stroke volume
190
_____ is the number of heartbeats per minute.
Heart rate
191
Cardiac output = _____ x _____
Heart rate x Stroke volume
192
A heart rate of <60 bpm is called _____.
bradycardia
193
A heart rate >100 bpm is called _____.
tachycardia
194
If you increase heart rate you will _____ cardiac output.
increase
195
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke volume = Cardiac Output
196
What 2 systems does the hypothalamus operate in?
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
197
What 3 factors control hormone release?
- Hormonal
- Humoral
- Nervous System stimulation
198
What are the characteristics of steroid hormones and what glands produce them?
- Are lipid-soluble
- Produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex
199
How does the hypothalamus control secretion of the adenohypophysis?
By secreting regulatory hormones into the hypophyseal portal system.
200
What is the definition of a hormone?
Chemical messengers that are released from one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
201
What hormone in excess will cause gigantism?
Growth hormone
202
What 2 hormones and 1 enzyme does the kidney secrete?
- calcitriol; hormone
- erythropoietin; hormone
- renin; enzyme
203
Which gland responds in emergencies and helps the body adjust to stress?
Adrenal medulla
- releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
204
What glands and hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid Hormones (PTH)
- released by the parathyroid gland
Calcitonin
- released by the thyroid gland
205
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
206
Compare the regulatory effects of the endocrine system and nervous system.
Endocrine System:
- effects are wide-spread an long-lasting
Nervous System:
- effects are localized and short-lived
207
A decrease in basal body temperature will stimulate the release of which hormone?
Thyroid hormone
208
Which hormone will increase blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
209
What are the most common causes of Type I and Type II diabetes mellites?
Type 1:
- autoimmune conditions that destroy the islets of Langerhans cells.
Type 2:
- insulin resistance developed due toa poor diet and lack of exercise.
210
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
211
What are the 3 P’s of Diabetes Mellitus?
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
