A + P II - UNIT 4 LECTURE Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What gastric secretion is needed for the absorption of B12?
A
Intrinsic factor
2
Q
The esophagus connects to the stomach at the _____ region.
A
cardia
3
Q
The hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and gastric motility is _____.
A
gastrin
4
Q
What are the folds in the stomach lining called?
A
Rugae
5
Q
What gastric secretion activates pepsinogen to the active enzyme pepsin?
A
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
6
Q
What secretion protects the stomach mucosa from digestive enzymes?
A
Mucus (HCO3 -)
7
Q
What gastric secretion is needed for the absorption of B12?
A
Intrinsic factor
8
Q
What extra layer of muscle does the stomach have?
A
Oblique layer
9
Q
What stage of gastric secretion and motility does the majority of gastric secretions take place?
A
Gastric phase
10
Q
What part of the digestive tract does 90% of nutrient absorption take place?
A
Small intestine
11
Q
What is the hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the release of sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas?
A
Secretin
12
Q
_____ propels chyme toward the colon.
A
Peristalsis
13
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Villi line the interior wall of the small intestine.
A
True
14
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
The brush border helps absorb nutrients from ingested food.
A
True
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Villi contain lacteals of the lymphatic system.
A
True
16
Q
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a. antibody protection
b. Synthesis of secretion and bile
c. Storage of glycogen and iron reserves
d. Synthesis of plasma proteins
A
a. antibody protection
17
Q
Which accessory organ is responsible for storing bile?
A
Gall bladder
18
Q
Which digestive juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
A
Pancreatic juice
19
Q
What substance does the liver make that emulsifies (breaks down) fats?
A
Bile
20
Q
Which of the following is a function of the pancreas?
a. It produces digestive enzymes
b. It produces bile
c. It stores bile
d. It produces hydrochloric acid
A
a. It produces digestive enzymes
21
Q
What secretion emulsifies fats?
A
Bile
22
Q
Where are the pancreatic juices released into the digestive tract?
A
Small intestine (Duodenum)
23
Q
What secretion digests fats?
A
Pancreatic lipase
24
Q
What secretion increases the pH?
A
Sodium bicarbonate
25
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by:
- Parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
- The contents of the digestive tract
- Hormones
26
Which is not a function of bacteria in the large intestine?
a. Bacteria break down carbohydrates and other substances in chyme
b. Bacteria absorb water in the colon
c. Bacteria release vitamin K, which the colon absorbs
d. Bacteria release vitamin B, which the colon absorbs
b. Bacteria absorb water in the colon
27
Where is most of the water absorbed during digestion?
In the small intestine
28
Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol and takes it to the liver for elimination?
HDL
29
Which nutrient is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries called lacteals in the small intestine?
Lipids
30
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____.
mouth
31
Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.
- decomposition
- Release
32
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
33
Glycolysis takes place in the ______________
cytoplasm
34
The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the ______________.
mitochondria
35
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of ____ molecules of ATP.
2
36
The citric acid cycle takes place in the:
mitochondria
37
What mechanism does the hypothalamus use to increase body temperature?
- Activates shivering thermogenesis
- Activates non-shivering thermogenesis
- Activates skin vasoconstriction
38
What factor does not influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate)?
Genetics
39
Saliva helps _____ food for swallowing.
moisten
40
The _____ moves food from the mouth to the stomach.
esophagus
41
The esophagus connects to the stomach at the _____ region.
cardia
42
The folds in the stomach lining are called _____.
rugae
43
After leaving the stomach, food enters the _____.
small intestine
44
_____ is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
Intrinsic factor
45
List the three phases of gastric secretion:
1. Cephalic
2. Gastric
3. Intestinal
46
The _____ sphincter controls the amount of chyme that moves into the duodenum.
pyloric
47
The hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and gastric motility is _____.
gastrin
48
_____ propels chyme toward the colon.
Peristalsis
49
_____ juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Pancreatic
50
The primary function of the _____ is to synthesize and secrete bile.
liver
51
The _____ stores glycogen and iron reserves.
liver
52
The _____ synthesizes plasma proteins.
liver
53
The _____ stores bile.
gallbladder
54
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the _____.
small intestine
55
_____ are absorbed into the lacteals in the small intestine.
Lipids
56
Hydrochloric acid is released from cells in the _____ and transforms inactive _____ into the active enzyme _____.
- stomach
- pepsinogen
-pepsin
57
The function of _____ is to emulsify fats.
bile
58
Pancreatic juices are released into the _____.
small intestine (duodenum)
59
The hormone _____ is secreted by the stomach and increases gastric secretion and motility.
gastrin
60
The hormone _____ is secreted from the duodenum and increases bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
secretin
61
The hormone _____ is secreted by the duodenum and stimulates gallbladder contractions and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
cholecystokinin
62
The highest concentration of goblet cells is located in the _____.
large intestine
63
The function of bacteria in the large intestine is to _____ carbohydrates and other substances in chyme.
break down
64
The function of bacteria in the large intestine is to release vitamin _____ needed as co-enzymes, which the colon absorbs.
B
65
_____ of the bush border increases surface area.
Microvilli
66
Most of the water absorbed during digestion is done in the _____.
small intestine
67
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____.
mouth
68
Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.
- decomposition
- release
69
Glycolysis takes place in the _____.
cytoplasm
70
The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the _____.
mitochondria
71
The lipoprotein _____ picks up cholesterol and takes it to the liver for elimination.
HDL
72
Oxygen is used in cellular respiration as a final _____ acceptor.
electron
73
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of _____ molecules of ATP.
2
74
Protein chemical digestion begins in the _____.
stomach
75
Lipid chemical digestion begins in the _____.
small intestine
76
List three mechanisms the hypothalamus uses to increase body temperature:
- Activates shivering thermogenesis (skeletal muscles)
- Inhibits sweat glands (Activates non-shivering thermogenesis)
- Activates skin vasoconstriction (peripheral vessels)
77
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
Seminiferous tubules
78
Where do sperm cells mature?
Epididymis
79
How many spermatids are produced from one primary spermatocyte?
4
80
Sperm develop from stem cells called ____________________.
spermatogonia
81
What is the path of sperm through the male reproductive system?
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deferens
4. Ejaculatory duct
5. Nothing
6. Urethra
7. Penis
SEVEN UP
82
What male sex hormone is secreted by interstitial (Leydig) cells?
Testosterone
83
What is the anterior pituitary's role in the production of male sex hormones?
It stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.
84
What is the primary reproductive organ in males?
Testes
85
List the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system.
1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate
3. Bulbourethral
86
The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an acidic secretion is the ________________.
prostate gland
87
The accessory gland in the male reproductive system that produces an alkaline secretion is the _____.
seminal vesicles
88
Which is the function of the ovaries?
a. Production of spermatids
b. Secretion of inhibin
c. Secretion of sex hormones
d. Production of oocytes
b. Secretion of inhibin
c. Secretion of sex hormones
d. Production of oocytes
89
If a cell only has 1 of each chromosome, that cell is a ______________.
haploid (23)
90
The principal hormone secreted during the follicular phase is _____.
estrogen
91
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is _____.
progesterone
92
The follicle secretes _____ that inhibits FSH and causes atresia.
inhibin
93
The process of egg formation is called:
oogenesis
94
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________.
ovulation
95
The phase of the ovarian cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the __________ phase.
luteal
96
What does the follicle become after ovulation?
Corpus luteum
97
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called:
Meiosis
98
Out of the 28-day cycle, what day is ovulation most likely to occur?
14
99
What is the primary reproductive organ in females?
Ovaries
100
Which of the following does not occur after menopause?
a. menstrual cycles cease
b. estrogen levels rise
c. ovulation ceases
d. estrogen levels fall
b. estrogen levels rise
101
What does FSH do in males?
Sperm production
102
What does FSH do in females?
Follicle development (ova production)
103
What does LH do in males?
Testosterone production
104
What does LH do in females?
Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to produce progesterone
105
Contact of a sperm with the oocyte membrane causes:
- completion of the second meiosis
- extrusion of the second polar body
- membrane fusion
106
How long does an egg survive after ovulation (if not fertilized)?
12-24 hours
107
Where does fertilization most often take place?
Uterine tube
108
How many chromosomes are contained within a zygote?
46
109
If a cell only has 1 of each chromosome, that cell is ______________.
haploid
110
When the sperm pronucleus and the egg pronucleus combine during fertilization, the new single diploid cell is called a _____.
zygote
111
What hormone is secreted by the implanted blastocyst (future placenta) that can be detected by home pregnancy tests?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
112
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
a. absorption
b. filtration
c. mechanical processing
d. ingestion
b. filtration
113
What are the three phases of deglutition?
1. Oral/Buccal
2. Pharyngeal
3. Esophageal
114
What enzyme in the mouth starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?
Amylase
115
What type of digestion are the teeth involved in?
Mechanical
116
TRUE OR FALSE
Peristalsis involves waves of voluntary smooth muscle contractions.
False
117
The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is _____________.
relaxin
118
The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation and that closes at the moment of birth is the __________________.
foramen ovale
119
The liver is bypassed by the _____ and goes directly to the inferior vena cava.
It then goes to the aorta from the left atrium through a shunt called _____.
- ductus venosus
- ductus ateriosus
120
Put the development stages in the proper order.
Blastocyst
Zygote
Fetus
Cleavage
Morula
Embryo
Fertilization
- Fertilization
- Zygote
- Cleavage
- Morula
- Blastocyst
- Embryo
- Fetus
121
What week are all organ systems present?
8th week
122
When does the heart start to beat?
5th week
123
Identify the stage of labor by the event:
- Placenta expelled
- Dilating of cervix from 1-10
- Baby enters vagina (birth canal)
- Placenta expelled - 3rd Stage
- Dilating of cervix from 1-10 - 1st Stage
- Baby enters vagina (birth canal) - 2nd Stage
124
When a new mother is nursing her baby, she may feel uterine contractions and "cramping." This is caused by the hormone that causes milk letdown and uterine contractions called _________________.
oxytocin
125
A congenital birth defect from three copies of autosome 21 is called_______________.
Trisomy-21
126
The chemical that causes more birth defects in humans is _____________.
alcohol
127
_____ stimulates sperm production in males.
FSH
128
_____ stimulates follicle production in females.
FSH
129
List the path of sperm from the testes to the outside:
- Seminiferous tubules
- epididymis
- (vas) ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
- penis
130
The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an acidic secretion is the _____.
prostate gland
131
The secretion from the _____ lubricates and cleanses the urethra in males.
bulbourethral glands
132
The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the _____.
cervix
133
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers _____.
ovulation
134
The principal hormone secreted by the ovarian follicle is ______.
estrogen
135
The _____ secrete inhibin in females.
ovaries
136
The _____ secrete testosterone in males.
testis
137
The _____ produce oocytes.
ovaries
138
The _____ produce spermatozoa.
testis
139
After menopause, estrogen levels ______.
fall
140
The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is _____.
progesterone
141
Growth of the ovarian follicle occurs because of _____.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
142
Prolactin affects _____.
milk production
143
Sperm develop from stem cells called _____.
spermatogonia
144
______ is cell division required to produce gametes.
Meiosis
145
Women of childbearing age go through a cycle about every _____ days that makes it possible to become pregnant.
28
146
During a 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation would be most likely to occur on day _____ of the cycle.
14
147
Fertilization most often takes place in the ______.
uterine tube
148
The pronucleus of the sperm and egg combine to make a _____.
zygote
149
The zygote has _____ chromosomes, making it ______.
- 46
- diploid
150
When the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes fuse, completion of the second _____ followed by extrusion of the _____ polar body takes place.
- meiosis
- second
151
If a cell only has 1 of each chromosome, that cell is _____.
haploid
152
If fertilization occurs, the _____ is maintained because the embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
corpus luteum
153
The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is ______.
relaxin
154
The first stage of labor is the _____ stage.
dilation
155
The second stage of labor is the ______ stage.
expulsion
156
The third stage of labor is the _____ stage.
placental
157
The developmental period, that is the period of all embryological and early fetal development, is the ______ trimester.
first
158
The _____ permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation and closes at the moment of birth.
foramen ovale
159
When a new mother is nursing her baby, she may feel uterine contractions and "cramping." This is caused by the hormone that causes milk letdown and uterine contractions called _____.
oxytocin
160
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the ______.
placenta
161
_____ stimulates uterine contractions.
Oxytocin
