A+P II - UNIT 3 LECTURE Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A
- Air passage
- Gas exchange
- Sense of smell
- Communication
- Acid–base balance (pH)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents
2
Q
What effect does cigarette smoking have on respiratory cilia?
A
It will paralyze them, damage them, and then they will disappear.
3
Q
List the 5 regions of the upper respiratory tract starting with the entry point.
A
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
4
Q
List the 3 structures of the lower respiratory system.
A
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
5
Q
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the _____.
A
epiglottis
6
Q
Surfactant helps reduce ________________ within the alveoli, thus preventing each alveolus from ______________ as air moves in and out during respiration.
A
- surface tension
- collapsing
7
Q
Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?
A
alveoli
8
Q
What would happen if the trachea were composed of complete cartilage rings, rather than C-shaped cartilage rings?
A
- If the trachea had complete cartilage rings, passage of food through the esophagus would be more difficult. Each bolus of food swallowed would in effect bounce over the cartilage.
- The trachea has smooth muscle on the posterior side of the C-shaped cartilage rings. This smooth muscle is in contact posteriorly with the esophagus. Because the smooth muscle of the trachea is distensible, it allows passage of large masses of food during the swallowing process.
9
Q
Why do foreign objects that fall into the trachea usually enter the right bronchus?
A
The left lung is displaced laterally by the heart. This makes the right primary bronchus larger and much more vertical. Objects falling into the trachea most frequently end up in the right bronchus.
10
Q
The lungs form embryonically as outpouchings form the digestive tract. Explain how the location of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus illustrate their origin.
A
The larynx and esophagus are both continuations of the pharynx. If you think of the pharynx and esophagus as being directly connected, it is easy to picture the larynx, trachea, and lungs as being an anterior extension of the digestive tract.
11
Q
What are the benefits of having a long passageway entering the lungs?
A
The long passageway consisting of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi allows the environmental air to be modified before it reaches the alveoli. This helps to ensure that the air is warmed, filtered, and moistened before reaching the respiratory membrane. The nasal cavity and long respiratory tree also help prevent water loss, which would be greatly increased if the passageway were relatively short.
12
Q
What are the benefits of having the lungs inside the rib cage?
A
The ribcage is important in respiration and also has an important protective function. The lungs and heart are protected form external damage by this arrangement. The presence of the lungs deep within the body helps to prevent water loss. having the lungs in close proximity to the heart decreases the length of blood vessels required to move blood to the lungs for oxygenation and return blood to the heart.
13
Q
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
a. Assists with homeostasis of body pH
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
c. Filters air
d. Warms air
A
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
14
Q
The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the:
A
septum
15
Q
The more common name for the pharynx is the:
A
throat
16
Q
The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called:
A
conchae
17
Q
Which of these structures is not part of the lower respiratory tract?
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Lungs
d. All of the above are part of the lower respiratory tract.
A
a. Larynx
18
Q
The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the:
A
thyroid cartilage
19
Q
The cribriform plate is part of the:
A
ethmoid bone
20
Q
The more correct name for a sore throat is:
A
pharyngitis
21
Q
Gas exchange occurs across the:
A
respiratory membrane
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
The pulmonary arteries bring oxygenated blood to nourish the lungs and bronchioles.
A
False
3-5 bronchial arteries supply blood to the lungs from the systemic circuit.
23
Q
The function of pulmonary ventilation is the:
A
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
24
Q
If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the volume of the lungs?
A
Volume decreases
25
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _________ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater
26
In what area of the brain are the respiratory centers located?
Medulla
27
The most important chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions is?
Carbon Dioxide
28
What would happen if the medulla respiratory group of neurons were destroyed?
A person would stop breathing.
29
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the_____________.
tidal volume
30
The amount drawn into the lungs beyond a normal quiet inspiration is _____.
inspiratory reserve volume
31
The amount expelled beyond normal quiet expiration is _____.
expiratory reserve volume
32
The maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest possible inspiration is _____.
vital capacity
(TV + IRV + ERV)
33
Oxygen and carbon dioxide will move ________ their pressure gradient.
down
34
Increasing ______ and decreasing the ______ will accelerate the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin.
- PCO2
- PO2
35
What 3 factors influence gas exchange at the alveoli?
1. Pressure gradient
2. Membrane thickness
3. Membrane surface area
36
How is the majority of oxygen transported in blood?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (Oxyhemoglobin)
37
How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported
in the blood?
Bound to bicarbonate ions
38
The release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/ANH) from the heart will cause the body to:
Decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions
39
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
increase secretion of renin by the juxta glomerular complex
40
_____ plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
41
_____ increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
42
Antidiuretic hormone:
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
43
What are three factors that stimulate the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
1. Decreased blood pressure
2. Decreased sodium (Na) concentration
3. Increased potassium (K) concentration
44
When aldosterone is released, secretion of _____ occurs.
potassium (K)
45
Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?
ANH (ANP)
46
Which hormones tend to decrease the amount of urine produced?
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
47
As the amount of sodium (Na) reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.
potassium (K) ions secreted
48
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are ___________________.
peritubular capillaries
49
Capillaries that surround the loop of Henle (nephron loop) are ___________________.
vasa recta capillaries
50
_____ is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine.
Urea
51
TRUE OR FALSE
The kidneys are contained in the paritoneal cavity.
False (Retroperitoneal)
52
A _____________ is a “knot” of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
glomerulus
53
Blood enters the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
afferent arteriole
54
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
efferent arteriole
55
What is the most abundant metabolic waste excreted in urine?
Urea
56
What is urea a byproduct of?
Protein catabolism
57
What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells ( J-G cells, granular cells )
58
What are the names of the cells that make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)?
Podocytes
59
What three structures make up the filtration membrane?
1. Endotheial cells of glomerulus
2. Basement membrane
3. Foot processes (Pedicels) of podocytes
60
The process of filtration is driven by:
Blood hydrostatic pressure
61
Under normal conditions, why don’t plasma proteins and RBCs filter out at the filtration membrane?
Too large to fit through the pores of the filtration membrane.
62
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
63
Match the effect of the following hormones:
ADH
Aldosterone
ANH
Na+ and H2O excretion
Reabsorb Na+
Reabsorb H2O
ADH - Reabsorbs H2O
Aldosterone - Reabsorbs Na+
ANH - Na+ and H2O excretion
64
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Filtration of plasma
65
What is the function of the renal tubules (PCT)?
Reabsorption and secretion to form urine
66
What hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
67
What hormone will cause a decrease in ECF and excrete sodium ions?
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/ANH)
68
What hormone increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
69
Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the:
movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood.
70
Under normal conditions, most nutrients are reabsorbed in which portion of the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
71
The portion of the nephron tubule that is essentially always impermeable to water is the:
ascending nephron loop
72
If a person becomes dehydrated, which hormone would you expect to find in high concentration in the blood?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
73
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves:
- the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
- a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
- an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
74
Where does filtration take place?
Renal corpuscles
75
Where does reabsorption/secretion take place?
Renal tubules
76
Where does the majority of reabsorption take place?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
77
Substances travel from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule by the process of:
filtration
78
Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane?
- Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
- Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
- Glomerular endothelium
- Basement membrane
- Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
79
In the kidney, blood flows from the interlobular artery into the:
afferent arteriole
80
A drop in systemic blood pressure would cause the filtration rate to:
decrease
81
What is a countercurrent mechanism?
A countercurrent mechanism is one that is made up of parallel passages where the contents flow in opposite directions. The countercurrent mechanism of the kidneys functions to keep the solute concentration of the medulla extremely high.
82
How does the function of the descending limb of the nephron loop differ from the function of the ascending limb?
- The thin-walled descending limb allows water and to diffuse freely into or out of the tubule, depending on their concentration gradients.
- The thick-walled ascending limb limits the diffusion of most molecules while actively transporting NaCl molecules out of the tubule and into the interstitial fluid.
83
What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron loop?
The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle allows for Nat and Cl to be pumped from the ascending limb and moved into interstitial fluid to maintain a high osmolality there.
84
How does aldosterone influence secretion in the kidney tubules?
Aldosterone targets the DCT and CD cells and causes them to increase activity of the sodium-potassium pumps that move sodium out of the tubule and potassium into the tubule. Potassium secretion increases when blood aldosterone concentration increases.
85
How does aldosterone cause the body to conserve water?
Aldosterone increases distal and collecting tubule reabsorption of sodium, which in turn causes an osmotic imbalance that drives the reabsorption of water from the tubule.
86
A portion of the nephron that can lie within the medulla is the:
nephron loop
87
During the micturition reflex:
- the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.
- the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
- stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
88
The male urethra is part of _____ body systems:
two
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
89
Where is the micturition center located?
Pons
90
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is _____.
potassium
91
The principal cation in extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) fluid is _____.
sodium
92
Where is the thirst center located?
Hypothalamus
93
_____ blood levels of ADH would be found in someone who has been working in high temperatures and is dehydrated.
High
94
What are the three stimulus that will cause the release of ADH?
1. Angiotensin II (Low Blood Pressure)
2. Low Blood Volume
3. High plasma osmolarity (High Na+)
95
Which gland releases antidiuretic hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Posterior pituitary
96
How does ADH increase water reabsorption?
Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
97
Which of the following stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
- Decrease in blood pressure.
- Decreased blood sodium (Na+) levels.
- Elevated blood potassium (K+) levels.
- Elevated blood osmolarity
- Decrease in blood pressure.
- Decreased blood sodium (Na+) levels.
- Elevated blood potassium (K+) levels.
98
What will the kidney release from juxtaglomerular cells when low blood pressure is detected?
Renin
99
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in what organ?
Liver
100
Which organ makes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)?
Lungs
101
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
102
Which hormone will decrease sodium (Na+) reabsorption?
ANH (Atrial natriuretic peptide) (ANP)
103
What effect does ANH have on ECF volume?
Decreases Extracellular Fluid
104
How do the kidneys respond to a drop in ECF pH?
Kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions into urine and synthesize more bicarbonate ions
105
Prolonged vomiting can result in which of the following?
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
106
Hypoventilation leads to which of the following?
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory acidosis
107
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of:
- blood pH
- blood pressure
- blood ion levels
108
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes.
- 3
- 2
109
The respiratory mucosa helps _____, _____, and _____ the air.
- clean
- humidify
- warm
110
The _____ swirl the air inside the nasal cavity.
nasal conchae
111
The respiratory system assists with homeostasis of body _____ by adjusting CO2 levels.
pH
112
The respiratory system is involved with _____ as air is forced out between the vocal cords.
communication
113
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to _____.
hemoglobin
114
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _____.
bicarbonate ions
115
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the _____.
epiglottis
116
The gas exchange in the lungs takes place in the ____.
alveoli
117
If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases the volume of the lungs _____.
decreases
118
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater
119
Air moves INTO the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
less
120
_____ is the maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest possible inspiration.
Vital capacity
121
_____ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
122
_____ is the chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions.
Carbon dioxide
123
If the _____ of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally it would result in a person to stop breathing.
respiratory group
124
_____ ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary
125
The first structure in the lower respiratory tract is the _____.
trachea
126
_____ helps reduce surface tension within the alveoli, thus preventing each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.
Surfactant
127
Three factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute are:
- The _____ membrane thickness
- The _____ of the respiratory membrane
- The _____ between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood
- alveoli
- total surface area
- oxygen pressure gradient
128
The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____.
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
129
The flow of air from the trachea goes to the left and right ____ bronchi to each lung and to each lobe through the _____ bronchi.
- primary
- secondary
130
Normal, quiet breathing is known as _____.
eupnea
131
Labored or difficult breathing is known as
dyspnea
132
The tendency of the lungs and thorax to return to their preinspiration volume is a physical phenomenon called ____.
elastic recoil
133
The enzyme _____ in erythrocytes converts water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
carbonic anhydrase (CA)
134
Carbonic acid dissociates into _____ and _____ ions.
- bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- hydrogen (H+)
135
_____ diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma in exchange for _____ moving into the RBC.
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- chloride (CI)
136
Carbonic anhydrase converts _____ to _____ and _____, and _____ diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the alveolar air space.
- carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- water (H2O)
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
137
Explain the process by which the majority of carbon dioxide is transported by the blood starting at the tissues going to the lungs.
- At the tissues: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into two ions: bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+). Hydrogen binds to the globin and bicarbonate diffuses out of the RBC while chloride shift into the RBC.
- At the pulmonary capillaries, the chemical reaction that produced bicarbonate is reversed , and carbon dioxide and water are the products. Much of the bicarbonate in the plasma re-enters the erythrocytes in exchange for chloride ions. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions join to form carbonic acid, which is converted into carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the erythrocytes and into the plasma, where it can further diffuse across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli to be exhaled during pulmonary ventilation.
138
The _____ and the _____ make up the renal corpuscle.
- glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
139
A _____ is a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
glomerulus
140
Blood enters the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _____ arteriole.
afferent
141
Blood exits the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _____ arteriole.
efferent
142
The _____ capillaries surround the proximal convoluted tubules.
peritubular
143
The process of filtration is driven by _____.
blood hydrostatic pressure
144
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is _____.
potassium
145
The nephron consists of the _____ and _____.
- renal corpuscle
- kidney tubules
146
Urine flows from the collecting ducts into the renal _____.
pyramids
147
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase secretion of _____ by the juxtaglomerular complex.
renin
148
The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will _____ urine.
concentrate
149
A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts will _____ urine.
concentrate
150
An increase in facultative water reabsorption will _____ urine.
concentrate
151
Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of the _____ to water.
collecting ducts
152
_____ will increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
153
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys _____ more hydrogen ions into urine and _____ more bicarbonate ions.
- secrete
- synthesize
154
The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to decrease ECF and excrete _____ ions.
sodium
155
Prolonged vomiting can result in _____.
metabolic alkalosis
156
Hypoventilation leads to _____.
respiratory acidosis
157
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in the _____.
liver
158
Secretion of ______ is controlled by the renin-angiotensin mechanism in response to these three stimuli: Elevated blood potassium concentration, decreased blood sodium levels, and decreased blood pressure.
aldosterone
159
High blood levels of _____ would be found in someone who has been working in high temperatures and is dehydrated.
ADH
160
The _____ synthesize angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE).
lungs
161
95- 99% of urine excreted is water, of the other 5% is mostly made of _____.
urea
162
The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the _____.
hypothalamus
163
Proteins and blood cells are _____ to fit through the filtration membrane.
too large
164
_____ metabolism is the primary source of the nitrogenous compounds in urine.
Protein
165
______ is the component of blood that is filtered from the glomerulus into the renal capsule.
Plasma
166
_____ increases water reabsorption by the kidneys.
ADH
167
Urine is conducted from the kidney to the urinary bladder through the _____.
ureters
168
The male urethra is part of _____ organ systems and the female urethra is part of _____ organ system.
- two
- one
169
During micturition the _____ sphincter is consciously relaxed.
external
170
During the micturition reflex the _____ sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
internal
171
Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the _____ spinal cord.
sacral
172
The micturition center is located in the _____.
pons
173
Match the effect of the following hormones:
- ADH
- Aldosterone
- ANH
- Reabsorb Na+
- Reabsorb H2O
- Na+ and H2O Excretion
ADH - Reabsorb H2O
Aldosterone - Reabsorb Na+
ANH - Na+ and H2O Excretion
