ANATOMY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

An ____ is composed of two or more tissue types.

Answer 1

organ

Question 2

You ate Crumbl Cookies and your blood sugar goes above normal. Your pancreas releases releases insulin which causes your blood sugar levels to return to normal. This is an example of a ____ feedback loop.

Answer 2

negative

Question 3

The plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior sections is a _ plane.

Answer 3

coronal/frontal

Question 4

The ____ system includes the nose, larynx, bronchi, and lungs.

Answer 4

respiratory

Question 5

____ tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that line body surfaces, are innervated, avascular, and highly regenerative.

Answer 5

epithelial

Question 6

Simple ____ epithelial tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach.

Answer 6

columnar

Question 7

Tendons & ligaments are examples of ____ connective tissue

Answer 7

dense regular

Question 8

Connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by ____.

Answer 8

fibroblasts

Question 9

The ____ is a serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

Answer 9

pericardium

Question 10

____ connective tissue is used as an energy storage and cushions other organs

Answer 10

Adipose

Question 11

The epidermis of the skin is composed of ____ tissue

Answer 11

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial

Question 12

List the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial:

Answer 12

Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

Question 13

____ glands secrete using exocytosis and the cell remains intact.

Answer 13

Merocrine

Question 14

Sebum is produced by ____ glands.

Answer 14

sebaceous

Question 15

A surgical incision parallel to the lines of ____ closes and heals with relatively little scarring.

Answer 15

cleavage

Question 16

When the cartilage of the ____ plate is completely replaced by bone, long bones have reached their adult length.

Answer 16

epiphyseal

Question 17

The shaft of a long bone is called the ____.

Answer 17

diaphysis

Question 18

Spongy bone is made up of a “lattice” of bone that is called ____.

Answer 18

trabeculae

Question 19

____ secretes acids and proteolytic enzymes to break down bone.

Answer 19

Osteoclasts

Question 20

____ bone growth begins as a hyaline cartilage model.

Answer 20

Endochondral

Question 21

The hormone that raises blood calcium levels and removes calcium from bone is ____.

Answer 21

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 22

List the steps in bone repair:

Answer 22

1. Hematoma
2. Internal Callus
3. Bone Callus
4. Remodel

Question 23

An exaggerated curve in the cervical and lumbar spine is called ____ and an exaggerated thoracic curvature is called ____.

Answer 23

lordosis

kyphosis

Question 24

Immovable joints are classified as a ____.

Answer 24

synarthrosis

Question 25

____ is moving the arm laterally away from the body midline.

Answer 25

Abduction

Question 26

Turning the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly is ____.

Answer 26

supination

Question 27

Pointing the toes up towards the body is an example of ____.

Answer 27

dorsiflexion

Question 28

The elbow and knee are both examples of ____ joints.

Answer 28

hinge

Question 29

The plasma (cell) membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ____.

Answer 29

sarcolemma

Question 30

The connective tissue covering a single muscle fiber is called the ____.

Answer 30

endomysium

Question 31

When a motor neuron is stimulated, synaptic vesicles release their contents directly into the ____.

Answer 31

synaptic cleft

Question 32

The actin active sites become available for cross-bridge formation when calcium ions bind to the protein ____.

Answer 32

troponin

Question 33

The ____ contains calcium ions in resting skeletal muscle.

Answer 33

terminal cisternae

Question 34

During the cross-bridge cycle, when ____ is added to the myosin head, it will detach from the actin filament.

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

Muscle contraction where movement occurs (the muscle shortens) is called ____ contraction.

Answer 35

isotonic

Question 36

The structure at both ends of the sarcomere is called the ____.

Answer 36

Z disc

Question 37

____ fibers are small highly. vascular muscle fibers rich with myoglobin. Commonly seen in long-distance or endurance athletes.

Answer 37

Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)

Question 38

A single stimulus resulting in complete contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber is called a ____.

Answer 38

twitch

Question 39

The muscle that opposes the action of a specific muscle is the ____.

Answer 39

antagonist

Question 40

The brain and spinal cord are part of the ____.

Answer 40

central nervous system

Question 41

____ are responsible for myelinating the central nervous system.

Answer 41

Oligodendrocytes

Question 42

____ are responsible for secreting cerebral spinal fluid.

Answer 42

Ependymal cells

Question 43

Nerves that send the fastest signals are ____ in diameter and are highly ____.

Answer 43

large myelinated

Question 44

A ____ neuron has a single dendrite and a single axon and is generally found in the special senses.

Answer 44

bipolar

Question 45

The summation of IPSPs and EPSPs that arrive from several different axons at different places on the neuron is called ____ summation.

Answer 45

spatial

Question 46

Voltage-regulated gates can be found on the ____ of a neuron.

Answer 46

axon

Question 47

The most common intracellular ion is ____.

Answer 47

potassium (K+)

Question 48

The central sulcus separates the ____ lobes and the ____ lobes.

Answer 48

frontal parietal

Question 49

Proprioception and motor coordination are functions of the ____.

Answer 49

cerebellum

Question 50

The ____ in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating food and water intake, temperature, and much of the endocrine system.

Answer 50

hypothalamus

Question 51

The ____ is involved in alertness & focusing attention.

Answer 51

reticular formation

Question 52

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the ____ found in the ____.

Answer 52

choroid plexuses ventricles

Question 53

Cranial nerve ____ supplies parasympathetic stimulation to the viscera and is also called the vagus nerve.

Answer 53

X (10)

Question 54

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve receives ____ input.

Answer 54

sensory

Question 55

There are ____ pairs of cervical, ____ pairs of thoracic, and ____ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.

Answer 55

8 12 5

Question 56

The ____ plexus provides innervation primarily to the upper extremity.

Answer 56

brachial

Question 57

A ____ reflex would have the shortest delay between stimulus & response.

Answer 57

monosynaptic

Question 58

The ____ reflex stabilizes the right leg to allow the left leg to be lifted rapidly.

Answer 58

crossed extensor

Question 59

The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Answer 59

adrenal medulla

Question 60

A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 60

adrenergic