a1

Question 0

active transport

Answer 0

energy requiring translocation of a substance across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient

Question 1

actin andmyosin

Answer 1

proteins responsible for the muscle contraction

Question 2

afterhypolarizatiom

Answer 2

hyperpolarization following an action potential

Question 3

agonist

Answer 3

a substance that have the same effect on a receptor as the mediator or transmitter

Question 4

albumin

Answer 4

largest protein fraction in the blood plasma, mainly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma

Question 5

aldo-sugar

Answer 5

sugar containing an aldehyte group

Question 6

all or none response

Answer 6

amplitude of action potentials induced in excitable cells does not depend on the strength of the stimulus only on the membrane properties and on the ionic gradients

Question 7

alpha carbon atom

Answer 7

in organic acids the C-atom closest to the carboxyl group

Question 8

alpha helix

Answer 8

helical secondary structure of proteins stabilized by h bonds between peptide bonds located between each other

Question 9

alveoli

Answer 9

functional units of the lung, gases are exchanged through the walls of alveoli

Question 10

anisotropic substance

Answer 10

differentially transparent ton polarized light depending on the plane of the light

Question 11

annulus fibrous

Answer 11

sheet of connective tissue separating the atria from ventricles and providing anchoring points for the valves

Question 12

antagonist

Answer 12

a substance that inhibits the effect of a mediator or transmitter at the receptor

Question 13

antibody

Answer 13

protein molecule produced by the lymphocytes that can specifically bind to antigen

Question 14

apnea

Answer 14

a suspension of absence of breathing

Question 15

arteriole

Answer 15

muscular vessels connecting arteries and capillaries

Question 16

arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 16

short vessels found especially in the skin, connecting arterioles and venules

Question 17

arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 17

difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial and venous blood flowing to and from an organ

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

adenosine-triphosphate, energy rich nucleotide used as a common energy source by all cells

Question 19

atrioventricular node

Answer 19

specialized conduction tissue in the heart at the border of the right atrium and ventricle

Question 20

atrium

Answer 20

chamber of the heart into which venous blood is returning

Question 21

autoimmune disease

Answer 21

erroneous immune response of an organism against its own proteins or macromolecules

Question 22

axon

Answer 22

neurit, a process of neurones specialised for the transmission of excitation

Question 23

axonal transport

Answer 23

transport mechanism in neurones providing relatively fast movement of substances toward the axon terminals and towards the cell body

Question 24

baroceptor reflex

Answer 24

reflex mechanism starting from baroceptors in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch regulating blood preure

Question 25

basal myogenic tone

Answer 25

in some parts of the body, vessels with a muscular wall contract in response to an increase in blood pressure to prevent an unnecessary increase in blood flow

Question 26

basophil granulocyte

Answer 26

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by basic stains

Question 27

beta sheet

Answer 27

two-dimensional secondary structure of proteins stabilized by h bonds between peptide bonds on chain segments running in opposite directions

Question 28

bilirubin

Answer 28

end product of heme metabolism during the normal destruction of red blood cells

Question 29

biogenic amines

Answer 29

signaling molecules synthesized in the body from amino acids by decarboxylarization

Question 30

bipolar neuron

Answer 30

neuron with two processes fulfilling the same function

Question 31

blood-brain-barrier

Answer 31

mechanism controlling the transport of materials from the blood to the extracellular space of the brain

Question 32

bronchiole

Answer 32

part of the airways containing no cartilage

Question 33

bundle of His

Answer 33

special conducting tract within the interventicular septum of the mamalian heart running from the AV node toward the poles of the ventricles

Question 34

cAMP

Answer 34

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, signaling molecule

Question 35

capacitance vessels

Answer 35

alternate name of veins because of their large compliance

Question 36

cartoid sinus

Answer 36

dilatation of the internal cartoid artery at its origin, containing many baroreceptors

Question 37

catecholamines

Answer 37

biogenic amines based on the catechol structure: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 38

cellulose

Answer 38

polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules forming straight chains

Question 39

choroid plexus

Answer 39

glomeruli of blood vessels protruding into the brain ventricles and covered by glia cells whose function is the secretion of the liquor