a3

Question 0

isometric relaxation

Answer 0

isolation of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant

Question 1

isometric contraction in the heart

Answer 1

contraction of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant

Question 2

isometric contraction

Answer 2

contraction of the muscles at constant length when only tension changes

Question 3

isotonic contraction

Answer 3

contraction of the muscles at a constant tension when only length changes

Question 4

isotropic

Answer 4

optically homogeneous material, transmission is independent of the plane of polarized light

Question 5

keto-sugar

Answer 5

sugar containing a ketone group

Question 6

lactose

Answer 6

disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose molecules

Question 7

laminar flow

Answer 7

movement of fluid or air, during which layers are sliding smoothly on each other

Question 8

ligand

Answer 8

signal molecule that can specifically bind to a receptor

Question 9

lipids

Answer 9

components soluble in nonpolar solvents

Question 10

lipoprotein

Answer 10

protein molecule containing lipid groups

Question 11

long term potentiation LPT

Answer 11

long lasting increase in efficacy in a synapse following strong stimulation in some prts of CNS

Question 12

lymphocyte

Answer 12

white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies

Question 13

maximal ejection

Answer 13

part of the heart cycle following the opening of the semilunar valves during systole

Question 14

mean electrical axis

Answer 14

direction of the electrical vector of the heart at the peak of the R wave

Question 15

memory cell

Answer 15

lymphocyte specialised in for the long term storage of the code to synthesize antibody

Question 16

metarteriole

Answer 16

vessel connecting arterioles and venules from which true capillaries originate

Question 17

microvilli

Answer 17

small, finger like protrusions of the apical membrane increasing the surface of some epithelial cells

Question 18

miniature end-plate potential

Answer 18

small, quantal changes of membrane potential i neuromuscular synapse caused by the spontaneous presynaptic release of transmitter molecules

Question 19

mitral valve

Answer 19

biscuid valve between the left atrium and ventricle

Question 20

monocyte

Answer 20

large white blood cell with phagocyte function

Question 21

monosaccharide

Answer 21

simple sugar

Question 22

multipolar neuron

Answer 22

nerve cell with many processes; most neurons are like this

Question 23

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 23

ACh receptor at which muscarine mimics the effect of acetylcholine

Question 24

muscle twitch

Answer 24

contraction and relaxation caused by a single action potential in the muscle

Question 25

myelin sheet

Answer 25

insulation around axons formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrapping the axon into 50-100 layers of membrane

Question 26

myofibril

Answer 26

a longitudinal unit of muscle fibre, made up of sarcomeres and surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

myoglobin

Answer 27

iron-containing oxygen-binding protein molecule in the muscles resembling hemoglobin

Question 28

NAD

Answer 28

nicotinamide adeine dinucleotide, a coenzyme

Question 29

Nernst equation

Answer 29

equation for calculating the electrochemical equilibrium conditions

Question 30

neurit

Answer 30

processes of neuronal cells

Question 31

neurocrine communication

Answer 31

communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the synaptic cleft

Question 32

neuromodulator

Answer 32

signal molecule changing neural functions; it usually has a broader and longer lasting effect than the neurotransmitters

Question 33

neuromuscular endplate

Answer 33

synapse between the motoneuron and the muscle fibre

Question 34

neurotransmitter(mediator)

Answer 34

signal molecule interacting with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and usually modifying the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

Question 35

neutrophil granulocyte

Answer 35

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by neutral stains

Question 36

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 36

ACh receptor at which nicotine minics the effect of acetylcholine

Question 37

Nissl substance

Answer 37

characteristic component of nerve cells corresponding to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

node of Ranvier

Answer 38

one of the regularly spaced interruptions of the myelin sheath between two Schwann cells along an axon

Question 39

non-covalent bonds or weak forces

Answer 39

supplemental, but important interactions between and within biological molecules: electrolastic(ionic) bond, H-bond, van der Waals interactions

Question 40

nonpolar

Answer 40

substance lacking completely or partially separated charges that can be dissolved in lipids

Question 41

nucleoside

Answer 41

similar to necleotide but contains no phosphate group

Question 42

nucleotide

Answer 42

building block of nucleic acid formed by purine or pyrimide base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 43

oligodendrocyte

Answer 43

glia cell in the central nervous system forming myelin sheet around axons passing through its vicinity

Question 44

osmosis

Answer 44

diffusion of water; water is moving through the membrane from the more diluted solution toward the more concentrated solution following its concentration gradient

Question 45

output of the heart

Answer 45

blood volume pumped by the heart into the circulation in one minute

Question 46

overshoot

Answer 46

part of the action potential, where the membrane potential becomes positive