a5

Question 0

Evans blue

Answer 0

blue stain that cannot penetrate the capillary wall; used for measuring the blood volume

Question 1

eupnea

Answer 1

normal breathing

Question 2

exocytosis

Answer 2

transport of substances stored in internal vesicles from the cell to the surroundings by fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane

Question 3

expirational reserve volume

Answer 3

additional volume that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

Question 4

extrasystole

Answer 4

excitation and contraction of the heart not corresponding to the normal sinus rhythm

Question 5

facilitated diffusion

Answer 5

passive transport of a molecule across a membrane along the concentration gradient thus not using energy, but requiring a transporter to help the passage of the molecule

Question 6

facilitation

Answer 6

temporal increase of synaptic efficacy due to preceding activation of that synapse

Question 7

FAD

Answer 7

flavin-adenin-dinucleotid, coenzyme

Question 8

fibrillation

Answer 8

asynchronous, disorganized contraction of individual muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles of the heart

Question 9

fibrinogen

Answer 9

protein component of the blood plasma; its polymerization to fibrin is the most important step of blood coagulation

Question 10

filament

Answer 10

thin fiber made up of proteins; sliding of actin and myosin filaments on each other explains muscle contraction

Question 11

filtration

Answer 11

movement of water and small molecules through a membrane (capillary wall) because of the pressure difference

Question 12

fluid mosaic mode

Answer 12

according to this model, biological membranes are built up of a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules can easily move (float) in the horizontal direction

Question 13

fructose

Answer 13

ketohexose found in honey and many fruits

Question 14

functional residual capacity

Answer 14

volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Question 15

functional syncytium

Answer 15

heart muscle cells, in contrast to skeletal muscle cells do not fuse to form fibers, but form a functional unit because of the electrical synapses (gap junctions) between them

Question 16

globulin

Answer 16

protein molecule that has a spherical tertiary structure (e.g. hemoglobin, immunoglobulin)

Question 17

glucose

Answer 17

aldohexose, the cell’s primary metabolic fuel; blood sugar

Question 18

glycogen

Answer 18

– highly branched glucose polymer found in animals (“animal starch”)

Question 19

glycolipid

Answer 19

a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, in most cases galactose

Question 20

glycoprotein

Answer 20

a protein containing carbohydrate groups

Question 21

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

Answer 21

approximate description of the resting membrane potential, based on the concentration and permeability of the three most important diffusible ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)

Question 22

G-protein

Answer 22

GTP-binding protein at the inner surface of plasma membranes; plays a critical role in signal transduction

Question 23

granulocyte

Answer 23

white blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules whose staining is used to differentiate between the three basic types: neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil

Question 24

GTP

Answer 24

guanosine triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide, like ATP

Question 25

hematocrit

Answer 25

percentage of total blood volume occupied by (mostly red) blood cells, in humans it is normally between 40-50%

Question 26

homeostasis

Answer 26

maintenance of the relative internal stability by physiological control systems

Question 27

hydration

Answer 27

water molecules surround polar molecules and ions shielding off their charges and ensuring that they remain in the solution

Question 28

hydrogen-bond

Answer 28

weak interaction between an H-atom bound to a highly electronegative atom (O, N) in a molecule and another highly electronegative atom (O, N) in the same or a different molecule

Question 29

hydrophilic (lipophobic)

Answer 29

polar or charged molecule that is able to interact with water molecules, thus can be dissolved in water

Question 30

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

Answer 30

nonpolar molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water

Question 31

hyperpnea (hyperventilation)

Answer 31

increased lung ventilation

Question 32

hyperpolarization

Answer 32

a shift of the resting membrane potential toward more negative values – an increase

Question 33

hypopolarization

Answer 33

a shift of the resting membrane potential toward less negative values – a decrease

Question 34

inspirational reserve volume

Answer 34

additional volume that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration

Question 35

internode

Answer 35

space along a myelinated axon that is covered by a myelinating glial cell (Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte)

Question 36

interstitial space

Answer 36

tissue space between cells

Question 37

intrinsic (integral) protein

Answer 37

membrane protein spanning the membrane from one surface to the other

Question 38

ion channel (leakage, voltage-dependent, ligand-dependent)

Answer 38

pore enabling passage of ions through the membrane; it is formed by intrinsic membrane proteins and is either continuously open (leakage) or opened by a change of membrane potential or by the binding of a ligand (signal) molecule

Question 39

ion pump

Answer 39

active transport process moving ions through the membrane using energy stored in ATP molecules