a4

Question 0

CoA, coenzyme-A

Answer 0

coenzyme built around the adenine nucleotide

Question 1

cis and trans position

Answer 1

on the same or on the opposite side (e.g. the two possibilities for the continuation of the lipid chain at the two ends of a double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid)

Question 2

collagen

Answer 2

protein, main component of the collagen fibers

Question 3

collateral processes

Answer 3

branches of an axon terminating in locations other than the major target location

Question 4

colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 4

osmotic pressure generated by blood proteins unable to penetrate through the capillary wall

Question 5

colocalization

Answer 5

simultaneous presence of two transmitters or a transmitter and a neuromodulator in the same synaptic vesicle

Question 6

compartmentalization

Answer 6

division of a space (e.g. cytoplasm) with limiting surfaces into subspaces with limited exchange of materials

Question 7

compensatory pause

Answer 7

longer than normal pause between two heart beats following an extrasystole

Question 8

competitive inhibition

Answer 8

reversible inhibition caused by a molecule that can bind to the same active site of an enzyme, receptor or transporter as the inhibited molecule

Question 9

complement system

Answer 9

protein molecules responsible for the elimination of the antigen-antibody complex

Question 10

concentration gradient

Answer 10

change in the concentration of a substance depending on distance (dc/dx)

Question 11

conductance

Answer 11

reciprocal value of the resistance

Question 12

conformational change

Answer 12

transient, reversible change in the spatial structure of a protein molecule

Question 13

contractility

Answer 13

ability for shortening

Question 14

convection

Answer 14

bulk flow, movement of substances caused by pressure differences

Question 15

covalent bond

Answer 15

the strongest bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared on common molecular orbits

Question 16

decremental transmission

Answer 16

electrical signal transmission in which signals are conducted with exponentially decreasing amplitude in space

Question 17

denaturation

Answer 17

usually irreversible change in the conformation of protein molecules

Question 18

dendrite

Answer 18

fine process of a neuron that typically provide the main receptive area for synaptic inputs from other neurons

Question 19

depressor area (center)

Answer 19

collection of neurons located caudally and medially from the pressor area in the medulla decreasing blood pressure by the inhibition of the pressor area and by the excitation of the vagal efferents running to the heart

Question 20

diaphragm

Answer 20

dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals

Question 21

diastole

Answer 21

the phase in the heartbeat during which the myocardium is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

Question 22

diffusion

Answer 22

random thermal movement of atoms, molecules and ions from sites with higher concentration toward sites with lower concentration

Question 23

dipole

Answer 23

a molecule having separate regions of net negative and net positive charge

Question 24

disaccharides

Answer 24

double sugar molecule formed by two single sugars

Question 25

disulfide linkage

Answer 25

a bond between two sulfide groups (side chains of cystein amino acids) determining the structure of proteins

Question 26

Donnan equilibrium

Answer 26

electrochemical equilibrium that develops when two solutions are separated by a membrane permeable to only some of the ions in the solutions

Question 27

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 27

collection of somata of primary sensory neurons on the nerve trunk entering the spinal cord on the dorsal surface

Question 28

dyspnea

Answer 28

labored, difficult breathing

Question 29

edema

Answer 29

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Question 30

effector protein

Answer 30

protein transmitting the effect of G-protein activation in the cell

Question 31

Einthoven leads

Answer 31

standard way of electrode positioning for recording ECG in humans

Question 32

electrical synapse

Answer 32

alternate name for gap junctions between excitable cells through which small molecules, thus ions carrying excitation can pass

Question 33

electrochemical potential

Answer 33

combined effect of the electrical and concentration gradients on an ion

Question 34

electronegativity

Answer 34

dimensionless number indicating the affinity of atoms of a given element to the electrons

Question 35

electrostatic interaction

Answer 35

attraction between oppositely charged ions or parts of larger molecules

Question 36

electrotonic transmission

Answer 36

see decremental transmission

Question 37

elimination

Answer 37

inactivation of a signal molecule

Question 38

embolism

Answer 38

blockade of a vessel by an air bubble or blood clot originating at a different part of the circulatory system

Question 39

endocrine communication

Answer 39

the signal uses the bloodstream as a channel to reach the target cells

Question 40

endocytosis

Answer 40

entrance of substances into the cell by membrane invagination to form an internal vesicle

Question 41

endothelium

Answer 41

single cell layer forming the internal lining of blood vessels

Question 42

eosinophil granulocyte

Answer 42

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by eosin (acidic stain)

Question 43

equilibrium

Answer 43

lowest energy state of a system that may result from opposing forces arising from within the system