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Clinical Immunology And Virology > A1 Inflammation > Flashcards

A1 Inflammation Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

When does inflammation occur

A

Secondary induced innate responses when phagocytes etc are active

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2
Q

Does inflammatiok stay thebsame

A

No can change in amount and time eg acute or chronic

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3
Q

What are the functions of inflammation

A

Restrict damage or infection to site

Remove damage tissue or the pathogen

Promotes immune cell migration to site

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4
Q

What are the 3 causes / etiology

A

Physical damage eg hammer

Biological eg pathogen

Chemical eg toxins

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5
Q

What other biological etiology does inflammation have

A

Necrotic tissue

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6
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Heat 
Erytherma (redness) 
Oedema swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function eg if physical damage
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7
Q

Explain the 4 stages of inflammation

A

Tissue damage/infection

Vascular dilation/permeability by mediators

Cell recruitment and exudation of eg plasma proteins/salts/water

Tissue repair - constriction, scarring

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8
Q

What happens to endothelial cells in the second stage

A

Swell and cell retention forming holes for exudation etc

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9
Q

What is it called when cells adhere to endothelium before emigration

A

Margination

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10
Q

If bacteria present what is the first thing that triggers things like dilation , cell recruitment

A

Gets phagocytosed/recognised eg by prr and phagocytes release cytokines and chemokines

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11
Q

What types of cells are involved

A

Mast, basophils, eosino, neutrophils, dendritic cells,monocytes(macrophages in tissue)

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12
Q

What does inflammation do to toxins which is advantageous

A

Dilutes them

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13
Q

Why is exudation in inflammation advantageous

A

Provides nutrients and o2 to cells and tissue

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14
Q

What plasma protein helps impede movement of bacteria in inflammation

A

Fibrin

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15
Q

How does inflammation link innate to adaptive

A

Immune cells like DC then leave via lympatic drainage and cause t cell etc activation

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16
Q

What type of non specific antibodies are involved in inflammation

A

Ab from b1 cells

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17
Q

What type of enyzmes increases in inflammation which is bad

A

Mmp/ proteolytic enzymes

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18
Q

Why is inflammation due to haemophilus influenzae dangerous

A

It causes swelling of the epiglottis which stops breathing in airways

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19
Q

What jappens with meningitis inflammation

A

Blood supply to brain stops

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20
Q

When is inflammation unecessary to harmless things like pollen

A

Allergies/ type 1 hypersensitivity causes the inflammatory response

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21
Q

What 2 things activate mast cells to secrete granules etc

A

Prr recognising damps or pamps

Or

Ige binding to fcr e on the mast cell surface

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22
Q

Give examples of pamps

A

Lps, fimH adhesin on ecoli

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23
Q

Which lipid mediators does mast cells produce

A

Pgd2 (prostaglandin)

And

LTB4 and LTC4 (leukotrienes)

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24
Q

Give exmaples of inflammatory cytokines produced by mast cells

A

Tnf a, il-1b, il 6

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25
What types of cutokines are pro inflammatory released by mast cells
Tnf a, il 6 , il 1b
26
What are some examples of pre formed granules in mast cells that are inflammatory mediators
Histamine, seratonin , tryptase
27
Give examples of vasodilators for inflammayion
Histamine , prostaglandin, c3a, c5a
28
Give examples of permeability mediators
Histamine, pg, kinins
29
Which types of molecules help migration of immune cells in inflammation
C3a,5a, chemokines eg il8, leukotrienes
30
What proteins in neuotrophils helps attract other immune cells
Cationic proteins
31
What kind of osmotic pressure xauses fluid retention back into capillaries
Colloid osmotic pressure (plasma protein presence)
32
In oedema which end of blood vessels / capillaries does fluid enter in exudation etc
Arterial end (leaves venule end)
33
Other than inflammatory oedema what others are there
Pulmonary eg when at high altitude fluid fills alveoli Lympoedema from lymphatic drainage obstruction
34
What mediator helps vasodilate in inflammation via cgmp increase
NO via NOS
35
What types of cells produce histamine
Mast, baso, eosinophils, platelets
36
Histamine aswell as dilation causes permebaility of what
Venules
37
What is the primary cause of permeability
Histamine
38
What happens when histamine binds h1 receptors
Activates phospholipase a and c which breakdown phospholipids into arachidonic acid
39
Arachidonic acid is released when theres an increase in what
Histamine or through neutrophil/monocyte interaction with tissue
40
What is the cox pathway of arachidonic catabolism
Into pgh2 This is a precursor for pgd2, pge2 which produces to pgf2 Also produces TXa2 (thromboxane a2) And PGI2 (prostacyclin)
41
Which prostaglandin produces pain
Pge2
42
What is main goal of PG
Vascular permeability
43
What does PGI2 do prostacyclin
Stops platelet aggregation ane cuases dilation
44
What does thromboxane a2 cause
Platelet aggregation and constriction
45
What is the lipooxygenase pathway
Into 5h pete Converts to LTB4 or LTC4 LTC4 then can produce D4 and E4
46
What do LTC4,D and E do
Cause airway constriction and mucus build Also vascular permeability
47
What foes LTB4 do
Chemotaxis and stimulates neutrophils margination on endothelial cells
48
Whcih cox is upregulated in inflammation
Cox 2
49
PAF is made by most cells in inflammation. What is it’s purpose
``` Dilation Platelet aggregation for repair Phagocytosis upregulated Increases arachidonic catabolism Chemotaxis ```
50
How do cytokines have effect
Through receptors eg chemokine gpcr
51
What is the major inflammatory cytokine
Tnf A (mainly from macrophages)
52
How does tnf a allow margination similar to ltb4
Upregulates selectins on endothelial cells which allow cells to stick before emigration
53
What chemicals are ipregulated due to tnfa
Il1 and chemokines like il8
54
What syndrome is caused by tnf a
Toxic shock
55
How does tnf a cause fever
Srimulates hypothalmic cells to secrete prostaglandins which cause fever
56
How does tnf a affect liver
Causes uprefulatuon of serum proteins from liver hepatocytes
57
Does il1 cause fever
Yes
58
How does il1 impact liver
Increases synthesis of acute phase proteins
59
What cell is chemokine il8 specific to
Neutrophils
60
What is the movemnet of immune cells in called
Diapedesis

Clinical Immunology And Virology (9 decks)

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