A2 Inflammation

Question 1

Which 4 enzymatic cascades also help produce inflammatory mediators

Answer 1

Complement system

Coagulation system

Kinin system

Fibronolytic system

Question 2

Which complenent parhways are innate ans ab independent

Answer 2

Lectin and alternative pathway

Question 3

What instigates the alternative pathway

Answer 3

Necrosis

Infection
Or
The 3 other systems

Question 4

What 2 anaphylatoxins which mediate inflammation are rpodxied by complement System

Answer 4

C3a and more potently c5a

Question 5

What do c3a and c5a bind to have effect

Answer 5

C3 or c5 receptors

Question 6

What effects do the anaphylatoxins have

Answer 6

Vasodilation, chemotactic, perkeability , speed up adaptive by apc movement

Question 7

Which factor is important in the coagulation system for inflammation

Answer 7

Factor xIIa

Question 8

How is factor vIi activated

Answer 8

Interaction wirh negqtice surfaces

Question 9

Which 2 reaxtions in coafulation cause c5 production

Answer 9

Plasminogen to plasmin

Pre kallikrein to kallikrein

Question 10

How are kinins produced eg bradykinin

Answer 10

Following a wound, blood vessel protease cascade causes release of peptides like bradykinin

Question 11

Wht does bradykinin do for inflammation

Answer 11

Increases permeability

Question 12

What side effect does bradykinin have

Answer 12

Pain

Question 13

What fibronolytic reaction affects permeability and increase c3 and c5

Answer 13

Fibrin breakdown into fdpx, y , d, e

Question 14

What are the first cells in inflammation for 24 hours

Answer 14

Neutrophils and mast cells then macrophages etc

Question 15

What chemoattractants released after intial acute inflammation

Answer 15

C3a,5a by the 4 pathways and also il8 eg by tnfa

Question 16

What gradient is preswnt for neutrophil attraction

Answer 16

Il8 chemokine gradient move down conc

Question 17

If extensive tissue damage, what occurs in neutrophil count

Answer 17

Lowers in circulation called neutropenia

Question 18

What is a high neutrophil count called eg after medications

Answer 18

Neutrophilia

Question 19

Which cytokine is crucualnfor neutrophilia via bone marrow stimulation

Answer 19

G- csf (granulocyte csf)

Question 20

What is crycyal for margination (movement to outside of blood vessel to slow cells)

Answer 20

Vasodilation to reduce blood flow rate eg vasodilators like histamine or paf

Question 21

What is the zone called on outer wall of vessel

Answer 21

Plasmatic zone

Question 22

What needs to happen for adhereance to endothelial cells

Answer 22

Xhange in steucture and surface molecules of both immunoxytes and endothelial cells

Question 23

What is extravasation

Answer 23

Migration of leukocytes to tissue from vessels

Question 24

What is rhe first stage in extravasation

Answer 24

Chemoattraxtants eg il8 or c5a

Question 25

What happens when chemokines bind recpetors on eg neutrophils

Answer 25

Sexondary messenger axtication in cells Allows release of breakdown initiators like mmps to get through

Question 26

Which adhesion molecule is first on endothelial cells to initiate rolling adhesion (secone phase)

Answer 26

P- selectin

Question 27

When does p selectin appear

Answer 27

Exposure to LTB4,c5a and histamine

Question 28

What other selectin appears after hours due to lps or tnfa

Answer 28

E selectin

Question 29

What do selectins recotnise on immune cells for rollint adhesion

Answer 29

Sialyl lewis x (slex) On eosinophils, monocytes and neutrophils On all leukocytes PSGL-1

Question 30

In tight binding, what molecules are rxpressed on leukocytes

Answer 30

Cr3 and lfa1

Question 31

What increases cr3 and lfa1 expression for tight binding

Answer 31

Paf and c5a

Question 32

What molecuke is expressed on endothelial cells in tight binding

Answer 32

Icam

Question 33

What induces icam expression which binds lfa 1 and cr3

Answer 33

Tnfa

Question 34

What is the movement of neurrophils in ecm called

Answer 34

Amoeboid movement

Question 35

What allows neurrophil movement theough ecm

Answer 35

Calcium increase in neurrophils and also mt remodelling ans chemotaxis

Question 36

What is released from neutrophils from tertiary granules

Answer 36

Mmps, gelatinases, cathepsins = ecm digestion

Question 37

Give an example of chronic inflammation when it isnt cleared

Answer 37

TB infection causing granulomaa

Question 38

Which cell is key in chronic inflammation

Answer 38

Macrophage, releases many inflammatory cytokines

Question 39

What are some characteristics of chronic inflammation

Answer 39

Persisting cytokines and cells Increased ecm breakdown /proteolytic activity Increaaed ROS ef h2o2

Question 40

What forms granulomatous inflammation

Answer 40

Infection like tb or foreigj bodies like thorn

Question 41

Explain the modifications of macrophages in granulomqs

Answer 41

Differentiate into epitheloid cells Which are acticated macrophages Become multinucleated giant cells These xan be langhans type giant cells where nuclei are at periphery walls Or Foreign body giant cells (nuclei are scattered in cytoplasm) They border off the insult and form granuloma