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Human Body (Anatomy) > Abdomen 07: Spleen and Immune System > Flashcards

Abdomen 07: Spleen and Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Lacteals

A

Small intestine lymphatics

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2
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Protein-coated lipid droplets found in lacteals

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3
Q

Where does lymph below the diaphragm drain to?

A

Posterior abdominal lymph nodes

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4
Q

Where does lymph from the gut drain to?

A

Preaortic lymph nodes

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5
Q

From what structures does lymph drain into the lateral aortic lymph nodes?

A

Lateral abdominal body wall, kidneys, suprarenals, testes, ovaries

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6
Q

Cyesterna chyli

A

The fusion of the preaortic and lateral aortic trunks; the para-aortic trunk also drains into here

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7
Q

Lumbar lymph trunk

A

Another term for the lateral aortic lymph trunk

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8
Q

Para-aortic lymphatics

A

Lymphatics that drain from lateral and retroperitoneal structures

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9
Q

What are the three main levels of defense of the immune system?

A

Barrier, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

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10
Q

What consists the barrier level of the immune system

A

Physical barriers (skin, epithelia), cemical barriers (mucus, acids), and biological barriers (commensal bacteria)

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11
Q

Innate immunity

A

Rapid response intensity to a limited number of common antigen patterns acquired at birth

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12
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Immunity that is learned from prior infections; slow first response but subsequent responses are quicker and stronger

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13
Q

Approximately how many patterns are encoded in innate immunity?

A

100

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14
Q

Approximately how many antigens are encoded in adaptive immunity?

A

10^10

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15
Q

What are the main cellular components of innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

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16
Q

What are the main humoral components of innate immunity?

A

Complement factors

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17
Q

What are the main cellular components of adaptive immunity?

A

T and B cells

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18
Q

What are the main humoral components of adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies

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19
Q

What are the four tactics to fight off invaders?

A

Isolation, disruption, ingestion, inflammation

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20
Q

Opsonization

A

An isolation technique in which an antigen is coated by complement and/or Ig factor to facilitate phagocytosis

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21
Q

How are invaders disrupted?

A

Apoptosis induced by natural killer cells and cytotocix T cells
A membrane attack complex induced by the complement system

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22
Q

What cells are invovled in invader ingestion?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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23
Q

What activates the immune system?

A

Antigen recognition

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24
Q

Antigens

A

Sequences of sugars, fats, or amino acids that are foreign to the body

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25
Epitopes
The smallest part of an antigen that can be detected
26
MHC 1
Major histocompatability complex 1; binds representative samples of all proteins within the cells and presents them on the surface
27
How are MHC 1s useful?
They act as a billboard of what's inside the cell. If killer T cells notice something wrong or missing, it'll kill the cell
28
MHC 2
Major histocompatibility complex 2; binds representative samples of antigens encountered
29
What cells use MHC 2?
Antigen presenting cells and macrophages
30
Complement system
A system of innate immunity; 20 plasma proteins that can recognize ~100 antigens
31
What secretes the plasma proteins of the complement system?
Liver and GI tract epithelium
32
What activates the complement system?
Immunoglobins and antigens
33
Monocytes
Cells that become macrophages
34
Neutrophils
Motile phagocytes and granulocytes
35
Eosinophils
Respond to parasitic worm infections; also modulate inflammatory response in asthma and hay fever
36
Natural killer cells
Cells that attack cells presenting errors on MHC 1
37
Basophils
Cells that contribute to anaphylactic reactions and food allergies
38
Where are macrophages found?
In tissue
39
Dendritic cells
Cells that watch and run to follicular centers to activate fighters. They are antigen presenting cells
40
Mast cells
Cells found in the tissue that wait for attacking parasites
41
How do marophages deal with invaders?
After phagocytosing them, they use MHC2 to present the antigens to activate T cells
42
Immunoglobins
Produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells that consist of two heavy chains and two light chains
43
What are the two regions of immunoglobin light chains?
Variable regions and constant regions
44
What determines an immunoglobin's class?
Structure of the constant region
45
What determines an immunoglobin's antigen binding specificty?
Structure of the variable region
46
What do B-lymphocytes differentiate into?
Some memory-B cells and mostly plasma cells
47
Where are B-lymphocytes activated?
Germinal centers of lymph nodes, MALT, and spleen
48
How are T-lymphocytes activated?
Antigen-presenting cells throughout the body
49
What are the four antibody classes?
IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE
50
IgM
``` An atibody class Great complement fixer; good opsonizer; first antibody made ```
51
IgA
``` An antibody class Resistant to stomach acid; protects mucosal surfaces; secreted in milk ```
52
IgG
``` An antibody class An ok completement fixer; good opsonizer; helps natural killer cells; can cross the placenta ```
53
IgE
``` An antibody class Protects against parasityes; causes allergies and anaphylactic shoks ```
54
What is the primary function of plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
55
Helper T cells
Differentiated T-lymphocytes that help activate B-lymphocytes
56
Memory T cells
Differentiated T-lymphocytes that remain in the blood to recognize an infection later on
57
Cytotoxic T cells
Differentiated T-lymphocytes that travel to tissues to attack infected cells
58
Primary lymphoid tissues
Bone marrow and thymus
59
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT; where lymphcytes are activated
60
Bone marrow
Primary site of hematopoiesis for all blood cells
61
What are the two lineages of blood cells?
Myeloid and Lymphoid
62
Thymus
Site of maturation of T-lymphocytes. There are no lymphatics here
63
Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes
64
Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the blood?
Spleen
65
Which structure exposes lymphocytes to antigens in the outside world?
MALT
66
MALT
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue; tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendices
67
Primary lymphoid follicles
Islands of follicular dendritic cells in a sea of B cells (mostly inactivE)
68
Secondary lymphoid follicles
Germinal centers; formed when activated B cells begin to proliferate through clonal division
69
What cells exist in the lymph node cortex
B lymphocytes in germinal centers
70
What cells exist in the lymph node paracortex
T lymphocytes
71
What cells exist in the lymph node medulla
Plasma cells
72
What cells exist in the lymph node sinuses?
Macrophages
73
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery
74
What nerves innervate the spleen?
Vagus nerve, sympathetics of T7-T9
75
What is the referred pain region of the spleen?
Left hypochondric region
76
What is the primary functions of the spleen?
Exposes immune system cells to antigens in the blood; filters blood; site of hematopoiesis in fetuses
77
Splenic white pulps
Consist of follicles and PALS; where immune functions are performed
78
Splenic red pulps
Highly vascular splenic tissue; filtration of blood
79
How does blood flow through the spleen?
Splenic artery -> trabecular artery -> central artery -> penicillary arteries -> sheathed capillaries
80
PALS
PeriArteriolar Lymphoid Sheath; cylindrical cuff of lymphoid tissue around central arteries containing mainly helper T cells
81
Marginal zone
A zone between the mantle zone and PALS of the spleen
82
Transcytosis
The transportation of something through endocytosis on one end of a membrane and exocytosis on the other end
83
What are the functions of the complement system
Opsonization, membrane attack complex, chemotaxis, clearance of immune complexes
84
What are the main functions of macrophages?
Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, ctyokine release
85
What are the three main antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
86
What are the two subtypes of mast cells
Mucosal and connective tissue variants
87
What are the steps in dendritic cell activation and presentation of antigens?
1) Antigen capture 2) Activation 3) Maturation during migration 4) Presentation to T-lymphocytes
88
What cell types are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells?
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
89
What are the main functions of antibodies?
Neutralization of antigens; opsonization; promoting cytotoxicity; activating the complement system
90
What are the steps of immune response initiation in the spleen?
1) Antigen diffuses with blood to dendritic cells 2) Dendritic cells capture antigen 3) Dendritic cells activate helper T cells 4) Helper T cells migrate to marginal zone to activate B-lymphocytes
91
What are the cell types involved in GI tube "sampling"
Dendritic cells and M cells (microfold cells)

Human Body (Anatomy) (38 decks)

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