Abdomen and Back

Question 1

What are the muscles of the Anterior / Lateral abdominal wall?

Answer 1

External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis

Question 2

External Oblique OIAN

Answer 2

Origin: external surface of 5th-12th ribs
Insertion: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior iliac crest
Innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves and subcostal nerves
Action: compresses and supports abdominal cavity, trunk flexion, expiration
Unilaterally: contralateral trunk rotation, ipsilateral lateral flexion

Question 3

Internal Oblique OIAN

Answer 3

Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, anterior iliac crest, lateral inguinal ligament
Insertion: inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs, linea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
Innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves and first lumbar nerve
Action: compresses and supports abdominal cavity, trunk flexion, expiration
Unilaterally: ipsilateral trunk rotation, ipsilateral lateral flexion

Question 4

Transverse Abdominis OIAN

Answer 4

Origin: internal surfaces of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral inguinal ligament
Insertion: linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
Innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves and first lumbar nerve
Action: compresses and supports abdominal cavity, expiration
1. Unilaterally: ipsilateral trunk rotation

Question 5

Rectus Abdominis OIAN

Answer 5

Origin: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest
Insertion: Xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilages
Innervation: Thoraco-abdominal nerves
Action: compresses abdominal cavity, trunk flexion, stabilizes and controls lordosis, expiration

Question 6

What are the 4 muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall?

Answer 6

1.Iliacus
2. Psoas Major
3. Psoas Minor
4. Quadratus Lumborum

Question 7

Iliacus OIAN

Answer 7

Superior Attachment: iliac fossa
Inferior Attachment: lesser trochanter of femur
Innervation: Femoral N.
Action: hip flexor
*acts with psoas major

Question 8

Psoas Major OIAN

Answer 8

Superior Attachment: bodies of T12-L5
Inferior Attachment: lesser trochanter of femur
Innervation: Anterior rami of lumbar Ns L1-L3
Action: hip flexor
*blends with iliacus to form iliopsoas muscle

Question 9

Psoas Minor OIAN

Answer 9

Superior Attachment: bodies of T12 & L1
Inferior Attachment: iliopubic eminence
Innervation: Anterior rami of lumbar Ns L1-L3
Action: Weak trunk flexor

Question 10

Quadratus Lumborum OIAN

Answer 10

Superior Attachment: inferior aspect of 12th rib, ends of lumbar transverse processes
Inferior Attachment:* iliac crest*
Innervation: Anterior branches of T12 and L1-L4 nerves
Action: trunk extension, trunk lateral flexion

Question 11

What are the Extrinsic Superficial Back Muscles?

Answer 11

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboids

Question 12

What are the Extrinsic Intermediate Back Muscles?

Answer 12

Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior

Question 13

Serratus Posterior Superior

Answer 13

Origint: nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T3
Insertion: superior borders of ribs 2-5
Innervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
Action: elevates the ribs

Question 14

Serratus Posterior Inferior OIAN

Answer 14

Origin: spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion: inferior borders of ribs 9-12
Innervation: 9th-12th intercostal nerves
Action: depresses ribs

Question 15

What are the Intrinsic Superficial Back Muscles?

Answer 15

Splenius Capitis
Splenius Cervicis

Question 16

Splenius Capitis OIAN

Answer 16

Superior attachment: lateral superior nuchal line, mastoid process
Inferior attachment: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3
Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action:
a. Unilaterally: lateral flexion and rotation of head and neck ipsilaterally
b. Bilaterally: extend head and neck

Question 17

Splenius Cervicis OIAN

Answer 17

Superior attachment:
transverse processes of C1-C3
Inferior attachment: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of** C7-T6**
Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
Action:
a. Unilaterally: lateral flexion and rotation of head and neck ipsilaterally
b. Bilaterally: extend head and neck

Question 18

What are the Intrinsic Intermediate Back Muscles?

Answer 18

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Question 19

Iliocostalis OIAN

Answer 19

Superior attachment: angles of lower ribs, transverse processes of C-spine
Inferior attachments: median sacral crest, posterior sacrum, spinous process of lower T- and L-spine, medial iliac crest
Actions:
a. Unilaterally: lateral flexion ipsilaterally
b. Bilaterally: spine extension

Question 20

Longissimus OIAN

Answer 20

Superior attachment: Longissimus: between tubercles and angles of ribs, transverse processes of T- and C- spine, and mastoid process
Inferior attachments: median sacral crest, posterior sacrum, spinous process of lower T- and L-spine, medial iliac crest
Actions:
a. Unilaterally: lateral flexion ipsilaterally
b. Bilaterally: spine extension

Question 21

Spinalis OIAN

Answer 21

Superior attachment:
Spinalis: nuchal ligament, spinous process of T- and C-spine to cranium
**Inferior attachments: **median sacral crest, posterior sacrum, spinous process of lower T- and L-spine, medial iliac crest
Actions:
a. Unilaterally: lateral flexion ipsilaterally
b. Bilaterally: spine extension

Question 22

What are the Intrinsic Deep Back Muscles?

Answer 22

Semispinalis Capitis
Semispinalis Cervicis
Multifidus
Rotatores

Question 23

Semispinalis Capitis OIAN

Answer 23

Superior attachment: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines
Inferior attachment: Transverse processes C7-T6/T7, articular process C4-C6
Action
1. Unilaterally: extends and rotates head to contralateral side
2. Bilaterally: extends head

Question 24

Semispinalis Cervicis OIAN

Answer 24

Superior attachment: spinous processes C2-C5
Inferior attachment: transverse processes T1-T5/6
Action
1. Unilaterally: extends and rotates neck contralaterally
2. Bilaterally: extends head

Question 25

Multifidus OIAN

Answer 25

Superior attachment: spinous processes C2-L5 Inferior attachment: sacrum, ilium, transverse processes T1-L5 and articular processes C4-C7 Action: extends and rotates spine contralaterally

Question 26

Rotatores OIAN

Answer 26

Superior attachment: lamina and spinous processes of vertebrae 1 (brevis) or 2 (longus) levels above inferior attachment Inferior attachment: transverse processes of vertebrae Action: stabilize vertebrae and assist with extension and rotation (contralateral)

Question 27

What innervates the Intrinsic Muscles of the Back?

Answer 27

Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves

Question 28

What are the Suboccipital Muscles?

Answer 28

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Obliquus Capitis Superior Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Question 29

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major attachment

Answer 29

Occipital bone to spinous process of C2 attachment

Question 30

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor attachment

Answer 30

Occipital bone to tuberosity on posterior arch of C1

Question 31

Obliquus Capitis Superior attachment

Answer 31

Occipital bone to transverse process of C1

Question 32

Obliquus Capitis Inferior attachment

Answer 32

Transverse process of C1 to spinous process of C2

Question 33

What is the purpose of the Suboccipital Muscles?

Answer 33

Postural muscles that work to extend and / or rotate the head

Question 34

What nerve innervates the Suboccipital Muscles?

Answer 34

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

Question 35

What artery and nerve run through the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 35

Vertebral Artery Suboccipital Nerve

Question 36

What 3 Suboccipital Muscles make up the Suboccipital Triangle?

Answer 36

Superomedial - Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Superolateral - Obliquus Capitis Superior Inferolateral - Obliquus Capitis Inferior