Abdomen II: Abdominal Viscera

Question 1

Trace the path from start to finish of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Answer 1

mouth –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> anus

Question 2

What does the esophagus do?

Answer 2

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach via peristalsis

Question 3

At what level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm to reach the stomach?

Answer 3

T10

Question 4

What region in the abdominal cavity is the stomach situated?

Answer 4

left hypochondriac and epigastric region

Question 5

How many parts is the stomach divided into? Name them

Answer 5

6 parts:

1. cardia
2. fundus
3. cardiac notch
4. body
5. pyloric antrum
6. pyloric canal

Question 6

what is the name for the mucosal folds in the stomach that are highly ridged?

Answer 6

rugae

Question 7

what is the pyloric sphincter

Answer 7

A thick band that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)

Question 8

During digestion, what is the role of the small intestine?

Answer 8

nutrient absorption

Question 9

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

Answer 9

1. superior (1st) - anterolateral to body of L1 vertebra
2. descending (2nd) - descends along the right side of the L1-L3 vertebrae. Where the major duodenal papilla is located
3. horizontal (3rd) - cross the L3 vertebrae
4. ascending (4th) - begins at the left of the L3 vertebrae, ascending to the superior border of the L2 vertebrae

Question 10

The majority of the jejunum is located in what quadrant?

Answer 10

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Question 11

the majority of the ileum is located in what quadrant?

Answer 11

Right Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Question 12

What is the difference in colour between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 12

J - deeper red

I - pale pink

Question 13

what is the difference in wall thickness between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 13

J - thick

I - thin

Question 14

What is the difference in vascularity between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 14

J - more vascular

I - less vascular

Question 15

What is the difference between the vasa recta (blood vessels in mesentery) between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 15

J - long

I - short

Question 16

What is the difference in the arcades (blood vessels in the mesentery) between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 16

J - A few large loops

I - lots of short loops

Question 17

What is the difference in mesentery fat between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 17

J - Less

I - More

Question 18

What is the difference in the plicae circulares (internal circular folds) between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 18

J - lots of prominent folds, tightly bunched

I - sparse, absent in the distal part of the ileum

Question 19

What is the different in peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 19

J - few

I - Many

Question 20

Describe the parts of the large intestine

Answer 20

cecum –> ascending –> transverse –> descending –> sigmoid colon – rectum –> anal canal

Question 21

What is the purpose of the large intestine in digestion?

Answer 21

re-absorbs water and electrolytes

Question 22

What are 3 distinguishing features of the large intestine?

Answer 22

1. teniae coli
2. haustra
3. epiploic appendages

Question 23

teniae coli

Answer 23

• found on the large intestine; 3 longitudinal bands of muscle

Question 24

Haustra

Answer 24

• sacculations found along the length of the large intestine
• formed by the action of the teniae coli

Question 25

epiploic appendages

Answer 25

- small peritoneal pouches filled with fat

Question 26

What is the cecum?

Answer 26

- the first part of the large intestine that is continuous with the ascending colon - point where the ileum meets the large intestine

Question 27

vermiform appendix

Answer 27

A blind-ending tube that is worm shaped. It is usually found posterior to the cecum (retrocecal)

Question 28

What are the major functions of the liver ?

Answer 28

1. major metabolic organ - fats, proteins, carbohydrates 2. glycogen synthesis and storage 3. production of bile (fat digestion) 4. detoxification of blood (excretion of bilirubin, metabolism of alcohol and other drugs)

Question 29

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Answer 29

1. right lobe 2. left lobe 3. caudate lobe (next to inferior vena cava) 4. quadrate lobe (next to gall bladder)

Question 30

What is the purpose of the gall bladder?

Answer 30

stores and concentrates bile

Question 31

What organ produces bile?

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

what structure does the bile pass through on its way to the gallbladder?

Answer 32

common hepatic duct

Question 33

What vessels does bile travel once expelled from the gall bladder?

Answer 33

gallbladder --> cystic duct --> common bile duct --> duodenum

Question 34

what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 34

endocrine - produces hormones that regulate blood sugar - insulin, glucagon exocrine - produces digestive enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin (aka. pancreatic juice)

Question 35

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 35

1. lymphatic organ - filters blood to remove old erythrocytes 2. immune organ - contains B and T lymphocytes

Question 36

what are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies the viscera?

Answer 36

1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. interior mesenteric artery

Question 37

what organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?

Answer 37

1. liver 2. stomach 3. pancreas 4. part of the duodenum 5. spleen

Question 38

what organs are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 38

1. part of the duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum 4. cecum & appendix 5. ascending colon 6. 2/3 of transverse

Question 39

what organs are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 39

1. remainder of transverse colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. rectum

Question 40

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?

Answer 40

1. splenic artery 2. left gastric artery 3. common hepatic artery

Question 41

What are the main branches of the splenic artery?

Answer 41

1. left - gastro-omental

Question 42

What organs does the splenic artery supply?

Answer 42

spleen and greater curvature of the stomach

Question 43

what are the main branches of the common hepatic artery?

Answer 43

1. hepatic artery proper | 2. gastroduodenal artery

Question 44

What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?

Answer 44

1. superior pancreaticoduodenal artery | 2. right gastro-omental artery

Question 45

what are the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 45

1. inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 2. jejunal and ileal arteries 3. iliocolic artery - ileum, cecum, appendic, ascending colon 4. right colic - ascending colon 5. middle colic - 2/3 transverse colon

Question 46

What are the major branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 46

1. left colic artery - remaining 1/3 of transverse colon, descending 2. sigmoid artery - descending, sigmoid 3. superior rectal artery- rectum

Question 47

What forms the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 47

1. splenic vein 2. superior mesenteric vein * inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein