Lecture 2 - Abdominal, Back & Shoulder Region

Question 1

What are the 2 main groups comprising the abdominal muscles?

Answer 1

1. Anterior Abdominal wall

2. Posterior abdominal

Question 2

What are the 3 muscles that comprise the anterior abdominal muscles?

Answer 2

1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transverse abdominus

Question 3

What function do the anterior abdominal muscles serve?

Answer 3

1. protection
2. movement of the trunk
3. changes in size of cavity

Question 4

What muscles innervate the anterior abdominal muscles?

Answer 4

intercostal nerves - segmentally

Question 5

External Oblique

Answer 5

outermost muscle fibbers that run from back to front in a downward (hands in pocket) direction

Question 6

Internal Oblique

Answer 6

Deep to external oblique; fibbers are perpendicular to external obliques (hands on hips) up and medially

Question 7

Transversus abdominus

Answer 7

deepest and parallel to the floor. Runs from ribs and pelvis to centre

Question 8

rectus abdominus

Answer 8

Most superficial. Run on either side of linea alba

Question 9

Tendinous intersections (inscriptions)

Answer 9

connective tissue divisions of the rectus abdomens. Divides muscle into 4 sections

Question 10

The muscles of the back are important in

Answer 10

posture

Question 11

What 2 groups are the back muscles divided into?

Answer 11

1. Deep

2. Superficial - Erector Spinae Group

Question 12

Where is the erector spinae group located? What 3 muscles comprise it?

Answer 12

1. It is located on either side of the vertebral column

2. It is comprised of 3 muscles: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 13

What are the 3 main deep back muscles?

Answer 13

1. Quadratus Lumborum
2. Psoas Major
3. Iliacus
   * 2 and 3 share a common tendon and are together called the iliopsoas muscle

Question 14

What does the Quadratus Lumborum do ?

Answer 14

1. powers lateral flexion of the lumbar spine

2. stabilizes the 12th rib against the action of the diaphragm during inspiration

Question 15

What does the iliopsoas do?

Answer 15

powers hip flexion

Question 16

What nerve innervates the iliopsoas ?

Answer 16

femoral nerve

Question 17

What are the 3 bones that make up the shoulder girdle?

Answer 17

1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Humerus

Question 18

what function does the clavicle serve?

Answer 18

force absorption, dissipation of force, and rotation of the scapula in abduction.

Question 19

Which two parts of the humerus allow for muscles to attach?

Answer 19

1. Greater tuberosity

2. lesser tuberosity

Question 20

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint (S-C joint)? What plane does movement occur in?

Answer 20

Saddle type synovial joint. Multi axial plane

Question 21

What two bones articulate in the Acromioclavicular joint (A-C joint)?

Answer 21

1. lateral clavicle

2. acromion process

Question 22

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 22

Plane type synovial joint

Question 23

What two bones articulate in the shoulder (gleno-humeral) joint?

Answer 23

head of humerus and glenoid of the scapula

Question 24

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

Answer 24

Multi-axial, ball & socket type synovial joint

Question 25

Describe scapulothoracic articulation

Answer 25

Not a true joint because the scapula is not attached by ligaments to the thoracic cage but is free floating within a complex of muscle attachments

Question 26

Describe the movements of the shoulder girdle (4)

Answer 26

1. Elevation/depression 2. protraction/retraction 3. Cross flexion/extension 4. circumduction

Question 27

What 2 muscles connect the thorax to the humerus?

Answer 27

1. Latissimus Dorsi | 2. Pectoralis Major

Question 28

What are the 2 heads of the pectorals major and where do they attach?

Answer 28

1. Clavicular head - attaches to medial, anterior clavicle | 2. sternal head - attaches to sternum and costal cartilages of first 6 ribs

Question 29

What are the movements that the pectoralis major functions in?

Answer 29

1. shoulder flexion 2. adduction 3. medial rotation

Question 30

What nerves innervate the pectorals major?

Answer 30

lateral and medial pectoral nerves

Question 31

What is the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 31

arises from thoracolumbar fascia or low back and inserts on the proximal part of the humerus

Question 32

What innervates the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 32

thoracodorsal nerve

Question 33

How is the latissimus dorsi able to move ? What are some composite actions?

Answer 33

1. shoulder extension; medial rotation | 2. swimming; paddling

Question 34

What muscles connect the thorax to the scapula/clavicle (5) ?

Answer 34

1. Trapezius 2. rhomboid major & minor 3. serratus anterior 4. pectoralis minor 5. sternocleidomastoid

Question 35

Are the Latissimus dorsi and the pectorals major superficial or deep muscles?

Answer 35

superficial

Question 36

What bone does the trapezius act on?

Answer 36

scapula

Question 37

What nerve is the trapezius innervated by?

Answer 37

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

Question 38

What does the upper part of the trapezius function in (2) ?

Answer 38

1. Scapular elevation/rotation (shrug) | 2. Neck side flexion (unilateral) or Extension (bilateral)

Question 39

What does the middle part of the trapezius function in?

Answer 39

Scapular retraction

Question 40

What does the lower part of the trapezius function in?

Answer 40

- pull medial end of scapular spine down (depression of the shoulder blade) - rotates glenoid fossa upward - important to facilitate raising the arm over head

Question 41

Where do the Rhomboid Major and Minor originate and insert?

Answer 41

from vertebral column to scapula. runs obliquely down and laterally

Question 42

What do the rhomboid major & minor function in?

Answer 42

functions to retract scapula

Question 43

What nerve innervates the rhomboid major & minor?

Answer 43

dorsal scapular nerve

Question 44

Where does the serratus anterior originate and insert?

Answer 44

from the chest to vertebral border of scapula, running between thorax & scapula

Question 45

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

Answer 45

1. Protracts scapula | 2. stabilizes scapula to posterior wall of thorax

Question 46

The serratus anterior is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 46

Long Thoracic Nerve

Question 47

Which muscle is superficial to the pectoralis minor ?

Answer 47

pectoralis major

Question 48

What nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?

Answer 48

medial pectoral nerve

Question 49

How does the pectoralis minor function ?

Answer 49

actively protracts scapula (powers reach beyond reach)

Question 50

What are the functions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 50

1. head and neck flexion | 2. tilts chin up and tortes to the opposite side

Question 51

What nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 51

Accessory Nerve (CNXI)

Question 52

What muscles connect the scapula/clavicle to the humerus

Answer 52

1. Deltoid | 2. Rotator cuff (SITS) muscles

Question 53

What are the rotator cuff muscles? (4)

Answer 53

1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus 3. teres minor 4. subscapularis

Question 54

Where is the deltoid located?

Answer 54

It is a round muscle that is found on the top of the shoulder and provides the bulk of the shoulder

Question 55

What are the 3 distinct heads of the deltoid? What movement does each facilitate?

Answer 55

1. Anterior - shoulder abduction 2. middle - shoulder flexion 3. Posterior - shoulder extension

Question 56

What nerve innervates the deltoid

Answer 56

axillary nerve

Question 57

What movement does that supraspinatus facilitate?

Answer 57

abduction of the shoulder

Question 58

What movement does the infraspinatus facilitate ?

Answer 58

lateral rotation of shoulder

Question 59

What movement does the trees minor facilitate ?

Answer 59

lateral rotation of shoulder

Question 60

What movement does the sub scapular facilitate?

Answer 60

medial rotation of shoulder