Anatomy of the Heart and Great Vessels

Question 1

True or false, the heart has its own pacemaker

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

Where is the heart located?

Answer 2

in the mediastinum

Question 3

Which way is the heart tilted?

Answer 3

to the anterior left

Question 4

What is the sac that surrounds the heart and proximal part of the great vessels?

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

What 2 layers make up the serous pericardium?

Answer 5

1. the parietal layer - attached to the fibrous pericardium

2. visceral layer (epicardium) that lines the surface of the heart

Question 6

What i the pericardial cavity?

Answer 6

the cavity between the parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium) that lines the heart and contains a thin fluid film

Question 7

What is the most superficial layer that covers the heart called?

Answer 7

the fibrous pericardium that attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly

Question 8

True or false, the pericardial sac is attached to the diaphragm

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

What are the two pericardial sinuses?

Answer 9

1. transverse pericardial sinus

2. oblique pericardial sinus

Question 10

What does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

Answer 10

separates outgoing vessels from incoming vessels of the heart

Question 11

The pulmonary trunk is attached to the aorta by what ligament?

Answer 11

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 12

In the right lung, where is the bronchus in relation to the pulmonary artery?

Answer 12

Right main bronchus is posterior to pulmonary artery

Question 13

in the left lunch, where is the bronchus in relation to the pulmonary artery?

Answer 13

Left main bronchus is inferior to the pulmonary artery

Question 14

How many pulmonary arteries enter the lung? How many pulmonary veins leave the lung?

Answer 14

one pulmonary artery enters the lung; two pulmonary veins leave the lung

Question 15

The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle, why?

Answer 15

The pressure is higher in the LV because it needs to pump to the systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation pressures is lower and so, it does;t need as much force

Question 16

What are the muscles that protrude into the lumen and attach to the chord tendineae of the AV valve leaflets within the left ventricle?

Answer 16

2 papillary muscles: anterior and posterior

Question 17

How many papillary muscles are there in the right ventricle that attach to the chord tendineae?

Answer 17

3 papillary muscles:

1. ) anterior
2. ) posterior
3. septal papillary muscle

Question 18

What is the septomarginal trabecula?

Answer 18

A moderator band found in the right ventricle that contains a part of the right AV bundle

Question 19

The atria of the heart have what kind of muscles in them?

Answer 19

pectinate muscles present in the auricles, the rest of the atrial wall has a smooth wall similar to veins

Question 20

What kind of valves are found between the atria and the ventricle?

Answer 20

atrio-ventricular valves
1. mitral (RA and RV)
2 tricuspid (LA and LV)

*closed by the contraction of papillary muscles

Question 21

Does the aortic valve ever open or close actively?

Answer 21

no. opens passively during systole and closes passively during diastole

Question 22

ventricular diastole

Answer 22

relaxation

Question 23

ventricular systole

Answer 23

contraction

Question 24

Which two valves of the heart are in the high pressure system?

Answer 24

1. Aortic valve

2. mitral valve

Question 25

What two valves of the heart are in the low pressure system?

Answer 25

1. pulmonary | 2. tricuspid

Question 26

What are the arteries that supply the heart?

Answer 26

1. R and L coronary arteries (found in the atrioventricular groove) 2. marginal artery 3. circumflex artery 4. anterior interventricular artery

Question 27

What are the veins that drain the heart?

Answer 27

1. small cardiac 2. anterior cardiac 3. great cardiac

Question 28

What important vessel in the heart collects the majority of the venous blood from the heart and opens into the right atrium?

Answer 28

coronary sinus

Question 29

What does the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 29

1. left atrium 2. most of left ventricle 3. part of the right ventricle 4. anterior 2/3 of IVS 5 AV bundle 6. SA node (in 40% of cases)

Question 30

What does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 30

1. right atrium 2. most of the right ventricle 3. diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle 4. posterior 1/3 of IVS 5. AV bundle 6. SA node (in 60% of cases) 7. AV node (in 80% of cases)

Question 31

List the pacemakers of the heart

Answer 31

1. SA node 2. AV node 3. His bundle

Question 32

What are the beats per minute of each of the heart pacemakers?

Answer 32

SA: 60 beats/min AV: 40 beats/min His bundle: 20 beats/min

Question 33

purkinje fibres

Answer 33

a special conducting system to carry impulses to heart muscle, they synchronize contractions

Question 34

What areas of the heart react to sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 34

1. SA node 2. AV node 3. Ventricular myocardium * increase heart rate, electrical conduction, excitability and contractility

Question 35

What areas of the heart react to parasympathetic stimulation ?

Answer 35

1. SA node 2. AV node 3. no influence on ventricles * decrease heart rate, electrical conduction and excitability