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VET 405: GI > Abdominal Radiographs > Flashcards

Abdominal Radiographs Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

what are the standard projections for abdominal radiographs

A

right lateral
ventrodorsal

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2
Q

what provides contrast to see the outlines of organs within the abdominal cavity

A

fat (fat in omentum and falciform ligament)

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3
Q

what provides contrast to see the outlines of things within the GI tract

A

gas

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4
Q

what machine settings are best for abdominal radiographs

A

low kVp and high mAs

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5
Q

summation

A

overlapping structures with a different opacity in between makes the area brighter

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6
Q

silhouette

A

overlapping structures of same opacity makes the margins indistinct
(ex fluid in the abdomen)

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7
Q

what are the boundaries of the abdomen

A
  1. diaphragm (cranial border)
  2. spinal (dorsal border)
  3. body wall (ventral border)
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8
Q

which crus of the diaphragm is more cranial in right lateral

A

right crus

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9
Q

which crus of the diaphragm is more caudal in right lateral

A

left crus

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10
Q

what is the normal appearance of the ventral body wall

A

extends from liver to pubis in a shallow convexity

deep chest: may appear concave
overweight: may appear distended

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11
Q

peritoneal detail

A

the visibility of serous surfaces of organs
- surrounded by fat, should normally have distinct margins

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12
Q

what view is best for evaluating peritoneal detail

A

lateral because the animal is at its thinnest

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13
Q

what does good peritoneal detail mean

A

sharp/clear serosal margins

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14
Q

what does increased peritoneal detail mean

A

air in the peritoneum
(pneumoperitoneum)

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15
Q

what does poor peritoneal detail mean

A
  • young (normal)
  • thin (normal)
  • diseased (abnormal)
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16
Q

categories of poor detail

A
  1. focal
  2. mottled
  3. generalized/diffuse
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17
Q

focal area of poor detail

A
  • mass
  • focal peritonitis
  • small effusion
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18
Q

mottled area of poor detail

A
  • severe peritonitis
  • carcinomatosis
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19
Q

generalized/diffuse area of poor detail

A
  • effusion
  • young/thin
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20
Q

types of effusion

A

transudate
exudate
blood
urine

(all appear soft tissue opaque)

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21
Q

how to diagnose free air in the abdomen

A

positional radiographs
- upright and cross table studies
- expect gas to rise to right underneath diaphragm in upright
- expect gas to rise to under the ribs in cross table

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22
Q

what side of the patient is the fundus on

A

left side; located in left crus of diaphragm

large compartment

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23
Q

where is the body of the stomach

A

across/intersecting the spine

more dorsally located

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24
Q

what side of the patient is the pylorus on

A

right side; located more ventrally

small compartment

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25
how to localize stomach in radiographs
take multiple positions to see where the gas moves will move to the highest compartment in the stomach
26
where does gas move in left lateral
pylorus
27
where does gas move in right lateral
fundus
28
where does gas move in dv
fundus
29
where does gas move in vd
body
30
causes of gastric enlargement
1. gas 2. fluid 3. food
31
gastric dilation
enlarged, gas filled stomach in normal position may extend past ribs - use location of fundus/pylorus
32
gastric torsion
enlarged, gas filled stomach in abnormal position
33
how to ID gastric torsion on radiographs
right lateral: gas will go to pylorus and pylorus will be dorsal to fundus vd: pylorus will be on the left soft tissue shelf
34
soft tissue shelf
ST opaque line between fundus and pylorus that indicates GDV
35
gastric obstruction
fluid filled stomach - difficult to locate stomach/indistinct margins - enlarged, fluid opaque stomach with small gas bubble inside
36
what is the normal diameter of a small intestine
less than two ribs OR height of vertebral body should be uniform across all loops
37
categories of small intestine obstruction
1. generalized 2. focal intraluminal 3. intramural
38
generalized SI obstruction
uniform enlargement along entire SI tract indicates functional obstruction (enteritis)
39
focal intraluminal SI obstruction
areas of distention upstream of obstruction with normal areas downstream indicates mechanical obstruction (foreign body)
40
linear foreign bodies
strings, socks, etc causes plication of SI along the object (U turn bulges of the SI) may see crescent shaped gas bubbles left lateral: gas and ST opacity in pylorus
41
intramural SI obstruction
obstruction originating from the wall of the SI that causes narrowing of the lumen causes gravel sign
42
gravel sign
particles accumulate in narrowed lumen where they are unable to pass --> creates mineral intensity in SI
43
how can you determine if an obstruction is acute or chronic
degree of dilation smaller = acute larger = chronic
44
how to locate colon on radiographs
trace backward from pelvis may contain gas, fluid or feces descending colon may shift to right (normal)
45
colon obstruction
enlargement of the colon functional obstruction most common mechanical obstruction unlikely due to ability to reach colon - can usually pass
46
where is the liver located
most cranial organ in abdomen borders: 1. diaphragm (cranial) 2. falciform fat (ventral) 3. stomach (caudal)
47
criteria for determining normal liver size
1. should not extend beyond costal arch 2. margins should be sharp 3. normal distance between stomach and liver 4. gastric axis should be at a normal angle (slight caudal)
48
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver; alters some or all 4 size criteria - liver extends beyond costal arch - rounded margins - large distance between stomach and liver (caudal displacement of stomach) - caudally angled gastric axis
49
what direction does enlarged liver push the stomach
caudal fundus is attached to gastrosplenic ligament; body/pylorus rest on the liver
50
focal enlargement of the liver
masses, granulomas, abscesses, cysts changes the normal contour of the liver - pushes on the stomach --> abnormal curvature but NOT displaced
51
when is hepatomegaly normal
young animals (larger liver size in proportion to their bodies)
52
microhepatica
small liver causes cranial displacement of the stomach/gastric axis
53
when is micro-hepatica normal
cats (smaller liver in proportion to falciform fat) deep chested dogs
54
biliary mineralization
tree shaped mineral opacities within the liver
55
choleliths
stones in the gallbladder appear as circular mineral opacity in RIGHT VENTRAL part of liver
56
localizing the spleen on radiographs
dogs: proximal and distal part (proximal is caudal to fundus; distal is mobile) cats: proximal part only
57
normal spleen appearance
sharp margins triangular
58
splenomegaly
generalized enlargement of the spleen - rounded margins - retains triangular shape confirm with vd
59
focal enlargement of the spleen
distorts the contour of the spleen - rounded margins - loss of triangular shape (becomes rounded)
60
splenic masses
displace the kidneys and stomach - kidneys: caudal - stomach: mass effect; pushes stomach cranially can cause effusion --> poor peritoneal detail
61
normal pancreas on radiographs
not visible body is located in gastroduodenal angle (between pylorus, duodenum, and transverse colon)
62
enlarged pancreas
only visible if severe enlargement - focal poor peritoneal detail in cranial abdomen (gastroduodenal angle) - may see mass effect - widens gastroduodenal angle

VET 405: GI (19 decks)

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