Pathophysiology of Upper GI

Question 1

congenital

Answer 1

present at birth

does NOT mean hereditary

Question 2

atresia

Answer 2

condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent

Question 3

stenosis

Answer 3

narrowing

can be anywhere in the tube or acquired from scarring

Question 4

fistula

Answer 4

an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or intestine and another organ, vessels, intestine, or the skin

Question 5

hernia

Answer 5

opening to nowhere; NOT shared between two systems like a fistula

Question 6

diverticula

Answer 6

blind ended sac/outpouching

Question 7

cheilitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the peri oral area

Question 8

stomatitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the mouth

Question 9

gingivitis

Answer 9

inflammation of the gingiva

Question 10

glossitis

Answer 10

inflammation of the tongue

Question 11

gastritis

Answer 11

inflammation of the stomach

Question 12

enteritis

Answer 12

inflammation of the small intestine

Question 13

colitis

Answer 13

inflammation of the colon

Question 14

typhlitis

Answer 14

inflammation of the cecum

Question 15

proctitis

Answer 15

inflammation of the rectum

Question 16

hepatitis

Answer 16

inflammation of the liver

Question 17

cholangitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the biliary system

Question 18

pancreatitis

Answer 18

inflammation of the pancreas

Question 19

how to describe pathology

Answer 19

1. distribution
2. acute/chronic
3. appearance (color, size, etc)
4. location

Question 20

pathology of the mucosa

Answer 20

ulcerative vs erosive injury

Question 21

ulcerative injury

Answer 21

partial damage to the mucosa

only occurs in areas with multiple layers

Question 22

how does ulcerative injury occur

Answer 22

trauma
ischemia
viral epithelial necrosis

Question 23

erosive injury

Answer 23

complete loss of mucosa

Question 24

GI protective mechanisms

Answer 24

1. pre epithelial (mucus and propulsions)
2. epithelial (tight junctions)
3. post epithelial (fenestrated capillaries to replenish nutrients)

Question 25

pre-epithelial protection: mucus

Answer 25

prevents pathogens from reaching the epithelium
- contains immunoglobulins and peptides
- colon: contains microbiota

Question 26

pre-epithelial protection: propulsions

Answer 26

secreted and ingested fluids flush pathogens to prevent them from collecting along epithelium

mostly SECRETED fluids

Question 27

epithelial protection: cell turnover

Answer 27

rapid turnover of epithelial cells matches the rate of viral replication –> prevents virus from affecting overall epithelium

mitotic activity occurs at stem cells in the crypts and pushes upward (oldest cells are closest to the lumen)

young animals have slower cell turnover - more prone to disease

Question 28

epithelial protection: apical junctional complex

Answer 28

impermeable junctions between epithelial cells

barrier: highly selective about what can enter
fence: establishes cell polarity
signaling: communicates with neighboring cells if damaged

Question 29

epithelial protection: brush border

Answer 29

microvilli along lumen side of the epithelial cells
- forms glycocalyx

Question 30

glycocalyx

Answer 30

glycoprotein layer between microvilli that blocks pathogens and allows nutrients
- contains microbials and enzymes